Chapter 5 Notes: Period 5

• 1763: British Government puts a proclemation on colonist movements; no colonists are to move West of the Appalachian Mountains.
• After the French/Indian War, Britain is broke so they tax the colonies
• Sugar Act, 1764: there are taxes on wine, coffee, molasses<--- 3 pences per gallon
• Currency Act: could not issue any paper money legally
• Quatering Act, 1765: colonists have to provide for troops, food, shelter (public domains) no private homes.
• Still not enough for Britain, they need additional sources

Stamp Act

• direct taxation on the people and the colonies, paying additional tax for British goods
• "No taxation without representation"
• The colonies are not without representation: "Virtual Representation": each and every member of parliament has responsibilities.
• A man by the name of Greenville would listen to any suggestions of the colonists
• each colony complained of the Sugar and Stamp Act
• Stamp Act taxes papers, brochures, pamphlets, playing cards
• This creates resistance in the Spring of 1965!
• Patrick Heny of Virginia calls for congress meeting of the Stamp Act
• members of Congress write letters to the King condemning the Stamp and Sugar Act
• There's utter chaos in Boston, Massachusetts
• British governor supposed to distribute taxes, but someone breaks into his house; figures it's time to get out of there!
• Non-importation; the refusal of buying British goods; convinces Britain to repeal Stamp Act
• Parliament passes 3 legislations: 1. Stamp Act, 2. Declaritory Act: can pass any law without notification 3. Revenue Act, 1766: reduced the taxes on Molasses to 1 pence.
• Britain is unhappy about the repeal; colonists are for the repeal
• Britain needs more revenues
• 1767: Parliament passes Townshand Duties Act: goods are only to be imported into certain colonies only from Britain such as glass, paper, red and white lead.
• colonists do not like one bit and begin to question a boycott
• November 1767: Stamp Act never really went into effect, but the Townshand Duties Act did.
• December 1767: John Dickinson objects the Townshand Duties Act
• Massachusetts Legislation send a petition to the King
• British government orders the letter to be dissolved in every colony it has reached
• Government dissolves the letters
• Anniversary of the Stamp Act comes around; colonists are loud and boisterous

September 27, 2008

Took Chapter 1-4 Test

Nothing more but keep up with reading.

September 30, 2008 - Period 1

Chapter 5 Notes

(Liberty pages 178-192)

I. After the French and Indian War, the colonists were in debt and needed revenue for protection. Revenue was provided by:
A)Sugar Act of 1764
1. Placed taxes on wine, coffee, and other products
2. 3 pence per gallon on molasses
3. Launched Greenvilles “war” in smuggling
B)Currency Act of 1764
1. Prohibited money (paper) in colonies
C)Quartering Act of 1765
1. Colonists forced to supply British troops with beer, candles, etc.
2. Provided British troops with housing in public buildings

II. Acts not effective, so the British established:
A)Stamp Act of 1765
1. Direct tax= annoys colonists
2. Colonists believe in “no taxation without representation”; British argue that they have virtual representation (delegates are responsible for the entire empire)
3. British government would listen if colonists came up with a different plan
4. ALL 13 colonies reject act
5. Parliament passes act in 1765, goes into effect Nov
6. All contracts, licenses, legal documents were void (no value) unless signed on officially stamped paper; applied to all papers (cards, newspapers, dice, etc.)
7. Spring of 1765- rebellion initiated
8. Patrick Henry of Virginia leads opposition; Stamp Act Congress develops
a) 9 representatives meet from 9 different colonies and try to figure out what to do
b) Agree they are still part of Britain
c) Condemn Sugar and Stamp Acts
d) Sent letters to king opposing acts; letters are ignored=colonial violence in the streets
13. Bostonians break into house of paper stamper (Boston)
14. Stamp Act repealed before put into effect
15. Forced Parliament to consider its effect
16. Established Declaratory Act- said Parliament could still pass any tax
17.Boycott; issues 3 peices of legislation:
a)Repeal Stamp Act
b)Declaratory Act
c) Revenue Act of 1766- reduced tax on molasses to 1 pence per gallon
18.Neither side enjoyed complexities of the Acts

III. Boycott effectiveness
A)Left unanswered questions
1. Was repeal due to boycott of violence?
2. If Stamp Act didnt go through, will British be able to enforce anything?

IV. 1767; Parliament establishes:
A)Townshend Act- new taxes put into place on colonial seaports on imports that could only be brought from England (tea, paper, glass, red and white lead)
1. Townshend dies same year, replaced by Lord North
2. Colonists divided on how to solve problems
a) Consider boycott but dont act on it; Townshend Act imposed in Nov
3. John Dickenson writes in newspapers saying that tax violates colonists rights
4. Legislative assembly meets in Massachusetts and petitions king to repeal acts and encourages other colonies to resist; king ignores letters and tells colonists to obey; colonies stand together
5. Anniversary of Stamp Act Repeal= colonists celebrate=angers British
a) British send troops to colonies (2 regiments from Nova Scotia)
b) Customs collectors seize Hancocks ship leads to a rebellion, British send 2 more troops
6. Colonists begin to boycott (takes 5-6 months to initiate)
7. 2 dozen Massachusetts towns said they wouldnt consume British products
a) Boston merchants agreed; New York and Philadelphia follow (major seaports)
8.Convention is held in Boston but couldnt agree on how to handle the problem
9.Britain grew angry; established a law stating that anyone not followingt Townshend Act will be deported to England for trial
10.Virginia, Carolinas, Maryland enter boycott
11. Townshend Act finally repealed on day of Boston Massacre
a) All taxes repealed except tea
12. Resistance to duty collapses
13. Quartering Act expires and Currency Act is repealed
14. Colonists are upset because they didnt realize the seriousness in what was going on
a) Colonists go on board a British customs ship called the Gaspee and burn it; British want to send these colonists to Britain for trial
15. Permanent Commitees of Correspondence (12 colonies)- communicated feelings of colonies and British; displays UNITY that wasnt seen at the Albany Conference

V. Boston Massacre
A)Non-importation in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia
1. Economic violence=importation of British troops
2. Colonists and British soldiers clash; Bostonians talk trash about the "red coats"
a) British feel unwanted and under seige
3. Sons of Liberty (patriots)-intimidate people who violate boycott
4. Verbal threats increase and tensions heighten after British customs informer kills an 11 year old boy
5. Crowd throws rock snowballs at a British soldier, he calls for help, troops come; accidental(?) shots fired, wounds 6 and kills 5

September 29, 2008 Period 1

In Class we:

*Recieved our chapter 1-5 tests back; and then reviewed them. Asking any questions that you may have had.

*There was a curve to the test so there was a possible of 110 points that could have been earned.
**the multiple choice section was worth 80 pts. and the short answer was worth 20 pts.

*We also watched a short movie/film clip on the French and Indian War.

Notes:

• The British did not have a good relationship with the Indians.
• The Proclamation of 1763 stated that no British settlements West of the Appalachian Mountains. were to be settled on; unless Britain first purchased the land from the indians.
• The Iroqouis Indians were happy with the proclamation because their land wad East of the Appalachian Mountains.
• Once the French leave the area; the British cut back on the gift giving to the Indians.
• As a result, of the tension between the Indians and the French; the Indians attack 13 British posts. 9 in which were had fallen.
• In return(revenge) the Brtish give the Indians blankets as "gifts"
• These blankets had been infested with the smallplx disease.
• Killing the Indian population
• In 1764 peace is restored...

***Will pick up tomorrow in class on the Stamp Act!! :)

***There will not be a quiz on Wednesday due to being behind on the syllabus!!!

9/29/08

first we watched a movie clip. what i got out of it was this:

The War of Jenkin's Ear => the French and Indian War.
in which Daniel Boone and George Washington make thier first appearance
Britain won the war, gaining Canada and all of North America east of the Mississippi.
pollitically, this led to the notion that the colonists could protect themselves and didn't need the British now that France was no longer a threat. (a notion that would eventually became the basis for the Revolutionary War.)

Then we passed back tests and went over questions that people didnt understand
the multiple choice section was 80 pts. and the short answer, 20.
there was also a 10 point curve.
*by the way, no quiz wed. (we're behind the syllabus)
After that, we continued with notes. mine are as follows..

Following the French/Indian war, the relationship between indians and the British is not good
the British look at all this land theyve gained and dont want to defend it all. hence..
The Proclamation of 1763.
no British settlements west of the Appalachian Mts. unless Britain first purchased the land from the indians.
the Iriquois are not happy about this proclamation because it said nothing about thier land (which was east of the mountains.)
When the French leave, the Brits cut back on gift giving which upsets the indians and leads to
1763 - Pontiac's War - includes several tribes
indians attack 13 British posts west of the mountains, 9 of which fall.
the british strike back by giving a "gift" of blankets to the indians which are infested with small pox. In 1764 peace is restored. Though after 10 years of conflict, in which it was open season for indians.. the relationship is still not good with the indians. which is a main point.
END. the stamp act is where we begin tommorow.

~Chapter Four Notes~

• Government of the 1700s: colonies adopted a government mirroring England's government.
• Adopted a British governor
• Chose assemblies to recognize issues of the colonists
• Once the colonists received the right to vote, only white males could obtain that right
• If the governor was to be successful, he was to have full cooperation from both the colonists and assemblies.

After Queen Ann's War

• The French began to build up their defense systems including their harbors and forts
• Built forts along Lake Champlane and along the Great Lakes
• Attempted to establish a settlement in Louisianna (now present-day New Orleans)
• As the Indians began coming back, the French began to feel threatened
• British show interest in moving west over the mountains
• Instead of trading with the French, Indians traded with the British because of cheaper british product.
• The Indian and French relationship had begun to die down
• As French begin to settle and the British move out, Spain is also watching the French
• Spain establishes a settlement in Texas
• Spain promises freedom to the slaves, as long as they would convert to Catholicism
• Governor of Spanish Florida offers freedom, this then results in the "Stonall Rebellion"
• This was the largest rebellion yet
• Slaves were limited to freedom, and when they tried to escape some slaves got caught
• While trying to escape, slaves killed 25 British settlers, yet 65 slaves get killed on the way

1739

• Spain and Britain go to war; known as the War of Jenkin's Ear
• Spain obtains a lot of the South American territory
• Spain has military establishments in Cuba and Panama
• Main targets are British Georgia and South Carolina
• Spain plans to have a victory and expect to rip them a part, but fail and step back out of British way.

1744

• France joins Spain in defense; this becomes known as King George's War
• British have early victory
• British ships go into Boston, arrive on the shore and try and impress the men
• "Impressment"- a gang of sailors try and attempt to beat up the Bostonians
• Execute the plan in a mob, but the Bostonians were willing to stand up against the British
• After King George's War, British seemed to have an expansion of people
• Britain move in Canada, establish a settlement called Halifax
• Make some land claims including Maine and New Hampshire

September 23, 2008

Ideas of the Enlightenment

• Enlightenment- new ideas, challenged old ways of thinking
• rejected idea that god is vengeful
• able to use your senses to figure things out such as how the world worked
• attacked superstitions
• men in the enlightenment: Isaac Newton-Science and John Locke- Political theory
• shifted thinking
• led to establishment of Yale University
• Increased standing of the legal professions
• didnt like lawyers but the enlightenment caused veiws change and it is realized of the importance of lawyers and other legal workers
• Slavery accepted everywhere
• Daily hard liquor(whiskey)
• smuggled rum into colonies
• 1750-52-- establishers of georgia give up on colony, let laws drop, held their own gov. elections.

Ideas of the Great Awakening

• The Great Awakening
• some ways as important as revolution
• late 1600s and early 1700s dramatic changes
• new science challenging old ways of thinking
• european countries having commercial revolution
• countries have established merkanterism
• enlightenment
• causes people to question long held tradition
• Sir Isaac Newton-published law of Gravity
• God can step back
• John Locke- people have natural god given rights for property, life, liberty
• gradually deminishes direct role of god in everyday situations
• colonist worried/scared
• small pox coming back- wrath from god?
• New England economy failing
• Children not going to be as well off.
• NO predestination set by god
• Redefining concepts of God
• God was no longer an Angry god
• 1740 hardcare purist turning away form calvanism
• puritan ministers changing their thinking and teaching
• Dead dogs- boring, blan sermans given by ministers.
• Ministers set out to inspire hoping for a return to the church
• put more emotion into sermons
• Johnathan Edwards continued preching with scholarly sermons but put emotion into it so the congregation would listen and go back to old church.
• George Whitefeild advertised his sermons
• thousands of people came to here him preach
• the great awakening was the first spontaneous mass movement in america

Post for 9/22/08

Today in class we talked about the differences of Southern, New England, the Middle colonies.

Southern Colonies- slave system based on task system, practiced in the Carolinas, population declined with whites because of bad conditions, however the slave population remained the same, there was no population growth, crops: indigo and rice

-In Virginia, large slave population, many slave families, cash crops: tobacco, women were favored more

-Virginia and Carolina Social Structure- 1. The highest were white males with large plantations and many slaves 2. The middle class, small farmers still white and male, with fewer slaves, usually worked in the fields with their workers, also were artisans and craftsmen 3. White Males with land but no slaves *Most people living in Chesapeake did not have slaves 4. White Males with no land 5. Slaves

-In Southern colonies, people grew crops and exported them; the South depended on Britain for finished products.

Middle Colonies- Diverse selection of races, Irish were Catholic, Immigrants came as families

Redemption- indentured servant families stayed together and worked together

-Produced many grains, got the name the Breadbasket of The Colonies

-Major Cities: New York and Philadelphia, created jobs for many because of trade

-Scots-Irish- moved west into the mountains, isolated in the back country, government didn't reach that far, people turned to hunting and cattle raising, became fiercely independent

New England Colonies- many small farms, fished and collected lumber

-Sold fish to the West Indies for molasses to make rum to sell to England, British gave back finished products

-Major Industry- Shipbuilding

Triangular Trade- Large slave trade, made up of many triangles

Slave System-

Gang- Chesapeake- Harsh treatment, work as long as the overseer told you, slave families were encouraged because it increased the slave population, slaves were taught trades such as wagon handling

Task- Carolinas- a slave has a task to do and when finished the rest of the day was theirs, not supervised because white owners were afraid of disease, much less trade was taught to slaves

By:Corinne

September 22nd 2008

SOUTH
- Since the Southerners relied on their plantations of their tobacco and rice, they needed slaves to do the field work. Creating wealthy slaves holder planters with thousands of salves kind of society.
- The Chesapeake tobacco planters organized their slaves into gangs, supervising them closely, and kept them in the fields all day long. To make their plantations more self-sufficient, the slaveholders trained 10% of their slaves as blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, or as other skilled artisans. Whipping was considered as a form of correcting behaviors of the slaves or the members of their household.
- Southern society order: wealthy white males with BIG plantations (land) with A LOT of slaves, farmers with small plantations and SOME slaves, NO land white males, SMALL landowners with NO slaves, and slaves.
- Tobacco and rice were sold and traded with the Brits and other foreign countries, while they would import finished products and furniture.

MIDDLE COLONIES
- The Middle colonies were the pluralistic societies from the start, however, immigrants from Scotland, Germany, and Ireland have leaded to the ethnic and religious complexity.
- Most of the immigrants were Catholics (the puritans do not want them in New England). They arrived as families or the 'redemptioners,' a new form of indentured service (family could stay together).
- They were known as the Breadbasket of America since this these colonies grew excellent wheat. They also built their own ships to carry them abroad. More jobs were more available in the cities and rural area would hunt and raised cattle.

NEW ENGLAND
- They were the Puritans and were not friendly to immigrants. It was the land of farmers, fishermen, lumberjacks, shipwrights and merchants and still considered itself considered itself more pious than the rest of the British Empire.
- Their population and life expectancy declined due to all kinds of diseases from Europe, especially smallpox and diphtheria.
- Yankees shipped fish and forest products to the islands in exchange for molasses, where they used as a sweetener ( cheaper than sugar) or distilled in to rum. Rum then became the major exports along with cod and lumber in New England.
- West Indian planters were alarmed by the cheap French molasses, urged Parliment to stamp out New England's trade with the French West Indies. Parliment passes the Molasses Act of 1733 which place a prohibited duty of six pancw per gallon on all foreign molasses.
- They owned and built more ships than any other colonies combined and imported many British products. The grain trade with the Mid-Atlantic and Chesapeake colonies was not profitable. Settlers there eagarly bought rum, and a few slaves from Yankee vessel that stopped their way back from the West Indies. Newport became involved in slave trading along the African coast.

September 19, 2008

French Colonization

• they got along with the Indians and had the fur trade with them
• the French had no large colonies and this caused them to pursue peaceful relations with the Indians, since they were clearly outnumbered
• the French tried to mediate disputes between various Indian tribes
• the French gave gifts like brandy and guns to the Indians to ensure their continued goodwill

Iroquois

• they took captives from the tribes they fought with and integrated them into Iroquois society
• they forced other tribes west and caused these tribes to settle with other tribes, mixing their societies
• 1700-1701 the Iroquois Nation began to weaken
• they negotiated a peace treaty with the French and western Indian tribes
• the Iroquois said they would remain neutral if a war between France and England occurred
  
• this treaty allowed some tribes to move back east to the Middle Ground area

Wars in Europe

• the wars were between England and France and Spain
• (1689-1697) King William's War
• in the colonies it was the French and the Indians against the British, but no major fighting occurred
• France and Spain were fighting to survive against England's growing power and expansion
• (1702-1713) Queen Anne's War
  
• The Indians in Canada captured some British colonists, and after the colonists were released some chose to stay with the Indians
• the British seized Nova Scotia
• the British in Carolina attacked the Spanish in what is now Florida
• the Carolinians captured some 4,000 Indians and sold them as slaves to the West Indies
• these wars helped halt the westward movement of British colonists, particularly in the New England area
• the colonists from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania continued to move westward throughout the wars
• none of them ever settled past the Appalachian Mountains
  

September 18, 2008

Today, the class discussed Metacom's War, and Bacon's Rebellion. In the 1670s, more Puritans were trying, in vain, to attempt to Christianize the Indians. Unfortunately, many of the Indians had their own religion and beliefs, which made the only bitter when trying to convert. Also, diseases the Europeans brought over from Europe are starting to wipe out many Indians. To add on to this, the New England population is growing, resulting in need for space, and also because of the policy, Primogeniture, only the eldest son inherits the farms and lands of the parents, making the other siblings having to live and fend for themselves in the Frontier. This begins to make many Indians bitter; it also makes them feel as if the Europeans (whites), are intruding on their land. Then, in 1675, the war starts with the murder of three Indians, accused of killing a Harvard-educated Indian preacher named John Sassamon. Well, in return, the Indians strike back, and . Well, outmatched, Virginia sends help to Massachusetts and Connecticut bay colonies, asking for their aid in the fight. Well, now officially fighting the Indians, the Europeans not only are fighting for land, but also for the complete annihilation of the Indians. And so they begins fighting Indians, and even worse, the Christian Indians are also being killed. Some puritan members look at it as a God-sent punishment for disobedience...some shake their heads and say it's not right. All in all, eventually, the Whites win the war in 1676, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Indians, including Metacom. Also, many Indians are sent into slavery, which basically ends the threat of Indians. Problems begin to arise, know as "Land Hunger", which are shown with the way tobacco grows, which takes a heavy toll on the land. 1675, the Doeges Indian tribe runs into conflict, beginning with a death of an Indian, and a planter. Virginia, under command of Gov. William Berkly, sends a couple militiamen to investigate, and hopefully resolve the conflict peacefully. They prefer vengeance, and chase them off into Maryland. The Militia eventually surround the Indian's Village, and lay siege on them for a six week period. Starving and dying, the Indians try to break out, resulting in the death of some of the militiamen. After breaking out, they swear vengeance, and run off into the woods. Then, blaming Virginia more than Maryland, the Indians kill more than 30 settlers in Jan. 1676. Virginia begins to panic, and asks Berkly what to do. Berkley, not wanting to leave Jamestown or his luxuries, decides to set up a defense of forts. Sadly for the settlers, to build the forts, Taxation had to be raised to build forts, which many deemed unnecessary. This begins the split between the social classes, were the wealthy grow, and the poor begin to make their way on the frontier. To add to the misery, the Governor also says to completely stop communications with Indians, he declared the fur trade stopped, except to a few wealth associates of his. This makes a man by the name of Nathaniel Bacon, a somewhat aggressive man, not happy with Berkly's new ideas. Bacon, against the orders of defense, decides to start killing Indians left and right. When this occurs, Berkly claims Bacon an outlaw, then later elect Bacon to the House of Burgesses. There, Bacon is forced to publicly apologize for his actions. This, in turn, makes Bacon seek revenge. So, he starts rebellion, and begins by assaulting Jamestown and Berkly. There he demanded of Berkly, at gunpoint, to promote him to General, and allow him to go off, killing Indians like he was doing before. Then, after Berkly flees, he makes many of the plantation workers swear loyalty to him. Bacon then continues to go off plundering Indians in the Summer of 1676. Then, in August of 1676, Berkly tries to retake Jamestown, resulting in Bacon burning Jamestown to the ground. Unfortunately, Bacon dies in October 1676, of a the nasty, dysentery disease. British soldiers and Gov. officials arrive in Jan. 1677, telling Berkly he is to report back to Jamestown. There, Berkly was to be put before Parliament, and demanded to know what is happening back in the colonies. But before he can present his case, he dies in England, in 1677.

September 17, 2008 -- Wednesday

Today in class we did a packet on the constitution because by law we were required to do something involving the constitution.

September 16th, 2008

In class we covered a lot of important material. Starting with some common knowledge of the colonies and life expectancy. New England was one of the cleanist colonies, with families dominating most of the population; therefore they had a very high life expectancy. However as you head more towards the Chesepeak where conditions were poor, and single men made up a majority of the population, life expectance was considerably shorter.
Another important topic discussed which is relatively new (other than our nightly readings) was the Navigation Acts. Britian began to feel as if they were need benifiting as much as they should have been from the colonies. So they created the Navigation Acts in order to create some type of control and legacy over the colonies in America. In 1650- Britian declared that no foreign ships were allowed in the Colonies. In 1651- Britian declared that African and Asian goods could only be imported into the colonies on English ships that had english men making up half the crew (including the captain). Then in 1651- the Britian declared that European goods could be imported into the British isles and Colonies by both European and British ships; but only from country to country. In 1660-Britian stated that all colonial trade must be done on British ships and the crew had to consist of 3/4 englishmen. Theses laws angered the colonist leading the way to a tradition of smuggling in order to continue making money.
Mercantilism- was created by the Europeans who beleived the only way a country would be strong was if they were self-sufficent. They beleif emphasized that a colony should export more than they import, in order to make money. Only import raw material to make goods from, then re-sale to other countries. It was also important for the colonist to only import items you could not make on your own (i.e raw materials).
Staple Act 1663- This act limited products going into the colonies. The items being traded with the colonist must first pass through England. England did this to not only check the good's, but also to place a tax in the products. Just another was for Britian to squeez more money out of the colonies.
These were the highlights if what was covered in class. There was a big emphasis put on Mercantilism, Navigation acts, and the many ways Britian tried to control the colonies after ignoring them for so long. Study this stuff and you should be good to go...for now atleast