movie 10/30

today in class, we watched a movie that was basically a reenactment of McCullouch vs. Maryland.
it talked about the formation of a federal bank, and whether or not it was constitutional.
the formation of a national bank would create a strong central government
McCullouch vs. Maryland happened because the states were taxing the federal government on stamp paper
McCulloch refused to pay the Maryland tax, and Maryland sued
a giant court case followed and basically these two questions were asked asked and answered:
1- Did congress have the constitutional right to create a national bank?
2- Did the states have the right to tax that bank? Are state laws supreme to national laws?
McCulloch vs. Maryland ruled that it was constutional to create a national bank, and that states dd not have the constitutional right to tax that national bank.
that's about it :)

• Merchants are generally prosperous but city life becomes precarious for most

• Many unskilled laborers, sailors domestic servants, shopkeepers-bare subsistence living (no protection when there is no work or injury)
• Skilled Craftsmen were insecure in their jobs. Make many different products by hand in a home shops
• Bakers, butchers, sail makers, craftsmen generally learned craft from being an apprentice but not being paid –then they worked as journeymen (wage-earning)
• Then became masters of their craft
• This lifestyle is much like subsistence lifestyle (crafts shop gives master security over lives and patriarchal control over family)

• Economic Boom changes roles for craftsmen

• As market entends, comp for craftsmen get higher
• Investors (Merchants) would invest in Craftsmen by putting out industrial outwork. Adv. Business by dividing the craft into many tasks. Easy tasks were given to unskilled laborers and hard stuff would be for the craftsmen (cut the cost of production)
• Craftsmen then open large shops where master craftsmen give work to unskilled laborers and journeymen lose ground (Become like the unskilled laborers)
• As this expands in the NE, need for funding increases which makes it more difficult for people to gain wealth (bigger gap between rich and poor)
• Investors try to continue cutting labor costs which threatens the master craftsmen as well because its more eco to do production on a large scale
• In NY City, builds enormous bakery to get unskilled laborers to work. Puts 300 bakers on the streets. Allows for cheaper bread but also less specialty things

• Industrialization starts in NE in 1791- Samuel Slaytor who build first factory in America –makes cotton –relatively small –powered by water

• Machinery spins cotton fiber into thread.

• Merchants then put out to rural families to weave it
• 1814- First complete cotton factory. Walthan, Mass. Brings all processes to turn cotton into fabrics
• Creates cheap cloth which breaks down subsistence culture. Putting out weaving is no longer an option
• Between 1815-1830, cotton price goes down six fold
• No more looms and spinning wheels are necessary
• (Still not available in NW territories)-all the money is still concentrated on the coast

• Specialized Market Agriculture

• 1820s- major growth in number of country stores where you buy cloth, beef, veggies.
• Shopkeepers increase stock by 45% (carry eggs, butter, beef, bulks of manufactured cloth, sacks of flower, sugar, salt, coffee)
• Increases number of silverware, plates, wallpaper

Hand in Hand-Transportation and Market Revolutions

• Ohio, Penn finish canals

• Build toll roads connecting cities
• Steamboats go from New Orleans to Louisville in 1815
• Dramatic reduction in time and cost to ship and make products
• Idea of Cash Economy is booming because of this from E to W

• In the South

• Cotton is king
• Plantations in deep south were commercialized intensely
• Grew nothing but Cotton (bought everything else)
• Suited for slave labor and climate
• Exploitation of slave labor is systematic and humane
• Still have more discipline but its now paternalistic and humane because it’s a business and its doesn’t make sense to beat those who make your money
• Big plantations operate efficiently and cost effectively
• Small farmers grow cotton too
• Creates a dual-economy
• Most small farmers live away from plantations in up country
• Farmers build a yeoman society (much like the subsistence economy)
• Northern farmers commercialize, Yeoman of south have subsistence agriculture
• Southern Yeoman (large group of them) do mixed farming
• Its subsistence with all the extra being traded off at market
• They own their own land, but few have slaves
• 3 out of 4 don’t have slaves
• Plantation owners are filthy rich, slaves own nothing
• Small number of the Great Planters (2 or 3% of white males) own 50% of the slaves
• Widening gap creates a break in Southern politics
• South is poor market for manufactured goods (Planters get things from Europe)
• No factories in South
• Don’t develop industry which is a bad thing
• In North, there is specialized labor force, industry, technology
• South just creates more slavery which in turn creates greater dependence on outside markets

-Big Difference between the north and the south

The Market Revolution, continued; October 29

Today we continued discussing the Market Revolution.

• The culture of craftsmen was similar to that of subsistence farmers. Apprentices and journeymen worked for the master craftsmen in hopes of one day opening their own shops.
• This culture experienced a strain with the movement towards factories. Master craftsmen began bringing in multiple people to produce goods, but this meant that each product turned out slightly differently. By the 1820s, master craftsmen begin subdividing the labor so that unskilled (cheaper) laborers could be incorporated into the building process. These laborers were kept under close supervision.
• Former journeymen lose out on pay and opportunities because the subdivision of labor prevents them from sharpening the skills that would have one day allowed them to become master craftsmen.
• A gap in wealth occurs as the established masters get richer and the journeymen slip back.
• However, master craftsmen are also threatened by the mass production method.
• For example, an enormous bakery opens in NYC that mass produces bread and baked goods. Even with the division of labor smaller stores cannot compete, and are put out of business.
• Industrialization soon begins. In 1791 Samuel Slater builds the first factory in America: a small textile mill that uses water-powered machinery. Slater's mill spins cotton fibers into threads, a task that was previously performed by women in the home.
• By 1814, America's first complete cotton factory opens in Waltham, MA. This factory incorporates all of the processes to make raw cotton into finished fabric. This cheap manufactured cloth served as a stimulus to the economy.
• Spinning wheels and hand looms become obsolete because factory-made cloth is cheap and accessible.
• The expansion of country stores occurs in the 1820s. These stores experience a 45% increase in stock variety, now offering bolts of cloth, local farm products, flour, sugar, salt, and coffee, as well as some luxury items from New England. Customers are also able to order wallpaper, silverware, dishes, etc. from these stores.
• From the 1820s onward, the Transportation Revolution plays a key role in the progression of the Market Revolution. Private investors build toll roads, steamboats (1815) allow for two-way river trade, and railroads begin appearing in the late 1820s and even more so in the East in the 1940s.
• The dramatric reduction in transportation time and cost make more regions accessible and connected.
• The cotton belt housed some of the most intensely commercialized farms in the world.
• Many planters grow nothing but cotton, which is well suited to slave labor and the Southern climate.
• The slave system becomes more systematic and humane, although slaves are harshly disciplined for misconduct.
• Owners establish a paternalistic system on their plantations and begin treating their slaves more kindly. Much of the motivation behind the kindness was the fear that if the slaves felt mistreated, they would perform poorly and cause a reduced profit.
• Planters with more slaves and more land are able to plant more cotton and make a larger profit.
• The South had a dual economy: plantations were the center of the commercial cotton industry, while the yeomen farmers were on the fringes of the market. A sort of caste system develops.
• Small farmers live in the upcountry and possess many of the qualities of the 18th century subsistence farmers.
• While northern farmers commercialize, southern farmers continue in a neighborly agricultural system. The yeomen generally stay out of the market.
• A large group of yeomen practice mixed farming and exchange goods with one another, although they do eventually begin to send their surplus to market. They do not, however, become dependent on the market, and they control their involvement in it based on their own needs.
• Most yeomen own their own land and possess few or no slaves.
• Plantation owners were among the richest men in the Western Hemisphere, while the slaves who created all this wealth owned nothing.
• 2-3% Southern white men owned half of all Southern slaves.
• The widening gap between the planters and the yeomen creates a sort of fault line.
• The South continued to be a poor market for manufacatured goods and revolved around the production of cotton.
• In the North, the Market Revolution changes all of society; in the South, it only produces more slavery.
• The South becomes more and more dependent because it does not produce its own goods and relies on the sale of cotton.

The Market Revolution 10/28/08

The Market Revolution started out as....
-Fathers/Husbands being the head of the household, holding all power and having a say in all marital affairs of children.
-They have the right to...
1. choose the husband/wife suitable for their children or they keep land from them.
2. Give the land to the favorable son (could be oldest or youngest) who promises to take care of the parents and give them suitable room in the household.
-Families in need of more money can have the option of making goods to sell to employers for extra money.
~The employers give the family the raw materials to make a certain object (for example: hats, shoes, chairs, etc.)
~The family then makes the product, and gives it to the employer to sell for money.
~The same employer in return pays the family for their work.
-Merchants get very wealthy off of trade w/ foreign countries (exspecially Britain)
~That comes to a halt during the Revolution where merchants still trading w/ Britain are known as loyalists (frowned upon)
-After this period merchants again become prosperous from sea trade.
-Over time farmer's land becomes less fertile, only enough for one son.
~Sons and Daughters realize this, and start to "rebel"
~They lower the authority of the father by....
~Sons leaving home to find jobs working on other farms, or city jobs.
~Sons also choose wives without father's approval, and there are many pregnancies before marriage.
~Daughters also choose husbands without their father's consent and move away from the useless farm.
-The balance of paternal power weakens, and women get more say in society.
-There is still crafts made at home for an extra source of income.

October 28th- Economic Development

• when europeans came to the new world: new society, refuge, fertile land, new oppotunities, get away for most
• mix of new environment and old english ways leads to market revolution
• most first colonist got land easily and didn't work for anyone
• production was limited by labor at first which results in a mostly equal landowning society in new england
• fish market-NE tobacco-VA
• trans atlantic trade along coast
• settlers move to seaports
• VA broke through wage barrie with slaves and indentured servants which leads to concentrated wealth
• outside coastal aread into interiors: geography closes off transportation (very costly)
• people moving into interiors: sustinence agriculture (most people at the end of 1700s)
• not a market economy
• 2 distinct cultures
• market economy along the coast which encourages wealth in lots of money
• sustinence economy offers no rewards, only what is needed, and no way to accumulate extra money, sense of community, family, and many children
• results of sustinence economy
• demands for more labor=more kids
• success with 6-8 children, 20 acres of land, marriage not until men could provide (early-late 20s) always a father and mother
• not much time for romance
• life of hard work and many children out of neccesity
• needed cheap land to provide for children to keep economy going
• paternal authority- controls labor and makes major decisions
• division of labor based on gender and age
• women were responsible for cooking, maintaining gardens, poultry, dairy animals, clothing (textile work) food preservation
• husbands worked fields, livestock, hunting and fishing, collected firewood, maintained buildings
• children expected to work to full potential- grew up to be almost exactly like parents, burdens lighten as age increases which allows for additional surplus
• also becomes heavier as parents age and kids grow
• fathers authority is tied to legal ownership of land- owed nothing to anyone, only to growing children, could deny share of property til he gave them permission to marry or leave the house
• as fathers struggled to provide for sons, daughters had to look for prospective sons
• results in neighborly alliances
• families are not completely self-sufficient: if it wasnt harvest time skilled farmers would go around and provide for neighbors (shoemaking, preaching, saw mill, blacksmith etc), only provide for neighbors, not market/selling economy, labors could be swapped
• migration becomes inevitable: run out of divided land, built settlements increases prices for land around already owned land, resulted in frontier land migrating or working for others, fathers forsaw this and would sell the family farm and move out west for cheaper land and would start the process all over again
• in sustinence world, families are mostly equal
• dependence on neighbors causes differences to dissappear
• sustinance cultures make it vulnerable to market revolution
• as cheap land moves west, cost of migration becomes unattainable for people in the east: shrinks land in east which results in large number of landless farmers, laborers, and craftsmen left behind
• crisis in the east (no land)= increase in age of marriage, decrease in birthrate, increase in poverty and pre marital children, and decrease in paternal authority, small farmers join struggle for supplementary income (competing)
• driven by a need for income, farmers are forced to find markets outside neighbors
• encourages unity in MA in towns such as Bedford (shoemakers)
• merchants provide raw materials to farm families which in turn make the crafts then give back to merchants for money who give to peddlers to sell from town to town
• made shoes, cloth, clocks, fans, utensils, brooms etc
• livestock farming becomes popular as soil becomes less fertile (after 1820 beef becomes "cash crop" in NE)
• encourages farmers to specialize
• dependence on market increases as even farmers realized it is easier to specialize and buy from country stores (east)
• partial cash economy
• changes in merchant class result from rural changes
• keeps triangular trade going
• allows cities to lend money, finance country store, invest in rural real estate, underwrite peddlers adn shipbuilding
• prosper as wars break out in europe: britain and france looking for aid
• collapses when embargo act is passes
• hurt during the war of 1812 but continues after the war

Chapter 9 notes for October 27th

During the early 1800s, an idea called the America System was introduced by Henry Clay.
Its main purposes:

• To make America less dependent upon European imports
• and internal improvent within America(mainly in transportation and american buisnesses)

The country was getting bigger and the completion of new roads, canals, and bridges were falling behind in the transportation revolution.

In the America system, the government were to put protective tariffs and had 2 purposes:

• raise revenue
• and protect new industries

The tariffs made imported goods more expensive and americans have a smaller desire to spend more on goods more expensive.

America didnt have a bank to fund the plan because the orginal bank was not renewed by congress. So in 1816 Congress charters the 2nd bank of the united states.

• This bank would then provide a national currency
• would centralize control of the banks
• finally, it would over see state banks issuing bank notes in other states (not reliable because notes weren't taken by different banks on most occations)

Finally in 1816 Congress draws up the 1st protective tariff to shield American industries from foreign goods/industries.

Internal Improvement:

• The government didnt have the constitutional power to make roads or other improvements so the states had to fund and finish the improvements.
• However Congress did agree to finish the National Road.

Interest in better roads came known as the Transportaion revolution (1815)

• Improvements were made on both land(roads) and water(steam boats and canals).
• the rural economy began to switch to a market economy.
• the transportation revolution finally addressed the problem of moving goods east to west.

Congress saw the Problem and decided to approve the National road which went all the way to the Ohio River.

The roads helped but it was cheaper for farmers to sail its goods to other cities. An invention that made it easier was the Steam Boat invented by Robert Fultman. The Steam Boat could go against the current and meant trade in both directions. Fultman named the boat Claremont.

The time period of 1810-1840 was a time of great growth.

• The main source of growth was the Erie Canal built in 1825 in New York.
• It was a great successs and set an example for other states

Eventually another invention came around in the 1840s which was the Railroad. It first began up North and eventually the tracks got larger and larger as time grew on. Canals were put out of buisness because railroads were faster and cheaper.

There was a dramatic reduction in the cost of transportation and began the first step of unifying the country.

Chapter 9 Notes

America System: also known as Clays American system

• protective tariffs-protect the states money/ revenue to save; protecting new industries in the U.S
• helps new American industries get going then money goes to internal improvement (bridges, roads, transportation system better) and National Bank.

When the first bank was established, a charter was made but it expired and wasn't renewed and so it was shut down.

• 1816 - Congress charters the 2nd bank of the US
• provided national currency and centralized control of money and credit and reagulated state banks, (also issued bank notes)

1816-1st protective tarrif (tariff of 1816-shield form foreign competition)

Congress during early 1800s

• had no power to build roads, bridges, etc.
• states will have to build transportation
• Congress agrees to finish building the national road.

1816-1820

• Major internal improvement occurs in New York State
• Erie Canal- built/paid for by the state of New York.
• Several other states built toll roads

Transportation Revolution

• 1815-1516
• After 1815, there's a dramatic increase in road improvement.
• Steamboat - Can go up against the current (traffic goes both ways)
• After 1840 railroads east of the Mississippi and north are created.

Robert Fultman was credited for the steam boat

• Claremont - 1807
• provided two way transportation on rivers
• 60,000 to 500,000 tons 1810-1840
• New york - 1825 completes Erie Canal (connects Hudson River with Laki Erie)
• Market cities spring up along canal
• Other states copy and state building canals.

Railroads

• Begin in the East
• as they grow we get US approaching National transportation network in 1860
• railrads gradually take over canals
• transportation Revolution does not make greater results.
• 1840s-1850s- transportatoin lengths the west with north and east.

McCulloch v. Maryland

• Maryland decides to tax the bank - require bank of US to buy paper from governemt state of Maryland.
• National Bank refuses
• Maryland may not tax the National Bank according to Supreme Court Case
• Supremacy Clause- unconstitutional if Maryland taxes National Bank because if they raise the tax too high, the bank could fall.

Friday october 24th

We did a timed write in class.
Neext week starts chapter 9 so read your books.

October 24

After yesterday's test, we followed up today with a timed write. If you were absent, be prepared, study hard, and do well.

October 23, 2008

Today in class we took the chapters 5-8 test. 

Be ready for the timed write test tomorrow!!

Wednesday 10/22

Today we watched a movie in class and the major points and key facts are as follows (though most of it is reveiw):

• Because the United States were barely united, equality was merely a thought. Thus, the Contitution was seen as the end of revolution and hope for the country.
• Independence was questioned, people were skeptical of equality and republicanism.
• The governement based on the people allowed ordinary and the wealthy to play a role.
• Massachusetts divided the weathy and the commoners while Pennslyvania stood for total equality.
• It took 5 years to ratify that Constitution.
• Floowig the Declaration of Independence there were celebrations of equality as many men could now hold office.
• Land Ordinane of 1785: Congress authorized surveying of new western land, marking out townships into 36 sections with equal acres. The national government sold it in auction starting at 1$ an acre.
• Equality in women and children: Children were free to marry who they wanted as adults and women taught children education and patriotism in free public schools.
• African American equality: Vermont becomes the first state to oulaw slavery in 1777. Black communities form with businesses, churches and mutual aid programs.
• Independence hurt th country financially: The US lost Britian as a primary trade source. Congress lacked the power to stop the trade wars.
• It is recognized after such conflict that the Articles of Confederation need to be revised.
• Massachusetts farmers revolt against their property going to merchants by forming a union of 1200 farmers led by Daniel Shay to Springfield, where they were met by WIlliam Shepard who quickly scatted them, killing few.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:

• 1787 Philadelphia
• 55 wealthy, property-owning delegates
• James Madison proposed the Virginia Plan (Central National government that could regualte commerce and tax and two houses of Congree and representation by population). Known as the large state plan.
• in opposition the New Jersey Plan (more power to Congress, 1 vote per state) was perfered by the small states.
• The vote was 7-3 and resulted in a modified Virginia Plan (mroe federal power). However; small states refused to accept the plan without one-to-one representation.
• Benjamin Franklin worked out the comprimise that allowed one-to-one representation in the Senate.
• Slavery: allowed continued slave trade, slaves count for representation in Congress (but only as 3/5 of a person) and states must return escaped slaves to their owners.
• After the end of the COnvention centralizing power endangered the states and took away state power.
• Alexander Hamilton, Lames Madison and John Jay wrote the federalist papers.
• Federalists strengthen the national government with 10 new ammendments in 1791 including freedom of speech, press, religion.
• Trade reinstated with England, trade boomed.
• French Revolution began.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1800:

• Jefferson beocomes president and is thought to be "a French spy" and "power hungry"
• Federalists hand over power calmly proving that democracy works and comprimises can be met.

MARSHALL COURT:

• Adams appointed "midnight" federalist judges.
• 1803: Malbury vs. Madison
• 3 houses:
• 1. judiciary-reviews laws
• 2. congress- passes laws
• 3. supreme court- decides if they are legal against the Constitution
• Transfer of power toe republicans
• Jefferson steps down in 1809
• Westward expanision continues since 1803

October 22, 2008

Today in class we watched a video which covered some of the main points that will be on the chapers 5-8 test tommorrow. Some of the information from the movie was:

• The Unites States won it's independence in 1783
• The first independant governments were those of the states
• Everyone in the colonies believed that the government needed to be ruled by the people but they disagreed on the exact details. For example: Massachusetts had 2 legislatures while Pennyslvania had one
• Some of the problems with the Continental Congress was that it could not tax or raise an army. These were both issues during the American Revolution.
• It took 5 years to ratify the Articles of Confederation
• The northwest ordinance guaranteed that once enough people settled in the western territories that they could become states equal to those of the original 13.
• Children began to gain the right to choose their marriage partner
• Movements in support of free public schools began
• In 1777 Vermont became the first territory to outlaw slavery. Around the same time African American's became more of a part of the community. For instance, in Philadelphia black churches were formed.
• Shays Rebellion: Due to the revolutionary war, the US had lost England as a trading partner. Due to this, many farmers in Massachusetts were in debt. They first brought attention to their cause by protest meetings and petitions but they were not addressed. In January of 1787 Daniel Shays and over 1200 farmers attempted to overtake the arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts and to destroy the courts. This rebellion is known as Shay's Rebellion.
• Constitutional convention: in May of 1787, 55 delegates came to Philadelphia for this cause. They all met in Independence Hall.
• James Madison had already composed a version of the constitution before he arrived at the convention. It is known as the Virginia Plan. It called for a national government that was stronger than those of the states, a House of Representatives and a Senate, and representation based on population.
• Smaller states disliked this plan.
• The created the New Jersey Plan which was in favor equal voting numbers for each state, or a one state one vote system.
• A version of the Virginia Plan was chosen
• A small group led by Benjamin Franklin decided that the house of representatives should be based on a states population and the senate should call for equal numbers of delegates from each state.
• According to the Constitution, slaves could be counted as 3/5 of a person when deciding a states population.
• States' acceptance or rejection of the Constitution was decided at state conventions
• Federalists were in support of the Constitution while antifederalists where not.
• George Wachington became the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789
• In 1791 10 amendments were added to the Constitution in the form of a Bill of Rights. They were modeled after the English Bill of Rights and declared the: freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to bear arms, protected criminals, and put a limit on the federal government's power.
• Alexander Hamilton became George Washington's advisor
• The Whiskey Rebellion: A revolt caused by the approval of the Whiskey tax. It caused the farmers to feel that they were becoming poorer and the rich were just getting richer. It also lead to the power for the US government to march an army into any state in order to keep the peace.
• In 1789 France overthrew their king and started a republic
• The French Revolution begins
• Democratic Republicans supported the French
• The US attempted to remain neutral
• John Adams became the next president after George Washington stepped down after two terms.
• Birth of political parties: federalists and democratic republicans
• Alien and sedition acts: Enacted in 1789 and declared that no negative comments could be printed against the government. It was reversed in 1800.
• President Adams appointed "midnight judges" on the night before he left office. They were all of course federalists.
• The supreme court was given the power to decide if laws are legal according to the Constitution.

October 21, 2008

Hey guys! Sorry that this is going up so late. Today in class, we watched a really cool video about the Revolutionary War. It was a good review, as it covered the causes, major events, and many of the impacts that the War had on the American people as we became an independent nation. The information in the video had all been mentioned by Mr. Gottschalk in class, and we had read about in the textbook as well. Tomorrow we will be watching another video in the series, and the test on chapters 5-8 was pushed back to Thursday, with the timed write on Friday.

Notes Monday Oct. 20

-Spain secretly gives Louisiana Territory to France
-1802 Spain closes their port in New Orleans to American shipping
-A slave revolt brakes out in Haiti and slaves overcome the French and gain their Independence
-French offer Louisiana Territory for 15 million
-Jefferson was unable to purchase it at the time because he lacked the power to buy it
-Congress agrees with Jefferson and he is able to invest in the Louisiana Purchase
-1803 France and Britain are fighting once again, neither were willing to let the Americans stay neutral
-1805 France and Britain harassing American trade ships
-(France has land superiority while British have naval superiority)
-Non -Importation Act passed by Congress, stops all British imports that can be obtained elsewhere
-French Bedin Decree - Outlawed all trade with Britain
-British Order of Council - Neutral ships have to stop and get searched and licensed (and taxed) by British
-French Milan Decree - Any ship who was searched or obeyed in any way the Order of Council would be seized
-British continue harassing American ships and impress up to 6000 men into the British Navy
-1807 The Leper (British) stopped the Chesapeake (American) whose captain tells them to leave and Leper open fires and boards
-Jefferson asks Congress to stop trade
-Embargo Act of 1807 All foreign trade is stopped
-American economy slows way down
-1808 James Madison elected as president
-1809 Congress passes Non - Intercourse Act which kept the ban of trade on Britain and France but allowed it everywhere else (didn't change much)
-1810 Macon's Bil #2 reopened all trade but allowed the President to impose non-importation
-French accepts to stop harassing ships, Madison shuts down trade with Britain
-1811 Congress voted to start funding for war
-War of 1812 - The 'Warhawks' (group of primarily Jeffersonian Congressman) gain control of Congress
-Warhawks reasons for war -Fed up with British support of Indians, impressment, harassment of trade, and want Canadians to join Americans
-Northeast opposed to war because most were Federalists not Jeffersonians and most were involved with oversea trade
-U.S. strikes Canada first, which is unsuccessful, war slows and hangs on, hurting both sides
-Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) is an Armistice (both sides agree to stop fighting)
-Battle of New Orleans - occurs two weeks after treaty of Ghent (unknown by fighters), Andrew -Jackson leads Americans to victory
-Federalist meeting - Hartford Convention
-Propose several amendments
1. Weaken Jeffersonian states by nullifying the 3/5 Compromise
2. Deny naturalized citizens the right to hold a government office.
3. Make it harder for a territory to become a state
4. 2/3 majority of Congress needed to declare war
-1815 - war is over, Federalists go to D.C. to propose amendments but never are able to because of celebrations in Washington, this is the last significant act of the Federalists.

Video on October 21, 2008

In class today we watched a movie about the causes and impacts of the American Revolution. The video hit key points, such as the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, the Coercive Acts, the Boston Massacre, and the Declaration of Independence. The movie just reviewed material in the book and the notes we have gone over in class before.

Notes for October 16, 2008

Notes started in class with Washington's Farewell Address, in which he mentioned three things the next President should follow: no-term alliances, he warned against internal political divisions, and set the precedent that after 2 terms the President would step down. During the Election of 1796, Jefferson and Adams ran against one another. Adams won, and Jefferson became his Vice President.
France and Britain begin fighting and America wants to stay neutral. New England merchants don't want to lose trade with Britain if they stay neutral, so America sides with Britain, making France very upset. Then, the XYZ Affair occurs, which is when three unknown French representatives told the US that France would talk to them if they paid a bribe of $250,000, loaned $12 million to the French, and Adams apologized. America refused and Adams asked Congress to build an army. The French then started seizing more American ships.
During all of this, the Federalists feel that they are getting weaker. They then pass the Alien and Sedition Acts, which extended the naturalization period for immigrants from 5 to 14 years, empowered the President to detain enemy aliens during wartime and deport those he deemed dangerous. The Sedition Act set jail terms and fines for persons who advocated disobedience to federal law or who wrote, printed, or spoke "false, scandalous, and malicious" statements against the governments and the President, but not the Vice President. Jeffersonians started to then draft resolutions, called the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which listed laws that were unconstitutional. The states could mollify federal laws that were unconstitutional. These resolutions were never passed.
In the Election of 1800, Jefferson and Adams ran again. Jefferson and Burr tied for President and the House of Representatives had to decide on the President. Each state voted, and after 45 ballots, the compromise gave the Presidency to Jefferson. Because of the tribulations they had, they made the 12th Amendment, which made electors vote separately for President and Vice President. They also passed another law, which set up the federal court system. The Judicial Act of 1801 shrunk the number of justices in the Supreme Court and changed the ways of the court. Before Adams left office, he appointed Federalists as judges in the Supreme Court overnight, called the Midnight Judges. When Jefferson finds out about this, he is very unhappy.
Jefferson wanted to get rid of the judges. He impeached Pickering, and no one was upset. When he tried to impeach Samuel Chase, it didn't work, and he dropped the idea of impeaching the judges.
Marbury vs. Madison was a Landmark case that established the judicial branch as relevant and important. Marbury was a Midnight Judge who never received his official letter from Adams saying that he was a Midnight Judge. John Marshall, who was the judge in this case, didn't want to make a decision at first, but ended up telling Marbury that he can't order Madison to give him the letter. Judicial Review, which helps to say if a law passed by Congress is unconstitutional, helps in this case.
In 1800, Spain secretly gives Louisiana to France. Slave revolt then break out in Haiti, and they overthrow the French, who then leave. French government, or Napoleon, offer Louisiana to Jefferson for $15 million. Jefferson was at first confused if he should buy it and if it was a good decision. He finally makes the purchase, later known as the Louisiana Purchase.

October 20, 2008 Notes

October 20, 2008

-Thomas Jefferson -> President
--Elected by House of Representatives
--Caused 12th Amendment

-Famous case of Marbury vs. Mason created the process of judicial review

-Britain and France begin fighting

-1803: War between France & Britain
--U. S. wishes to remain neutral

-1805: Britain & France messes with U. S. ships

-1806: American Congress passes the "Non-Importation Act" forbidding importation of British goods and makes it so that people can buy/trade items from other countries other than Britain or through manufacturing goods inside the U. S.

-Berlin Decree (France) outlaws all trade within Britain

-Orders of Council (England) Neutral trips trading w/anyone must stop for licensing and inspection at a British port.

-Napoleon and French people issue the Milan Decree -> any ships obeying British decree or letting get searched they re subject to French retaliation.

-1803-1812: 6,000 American citizens stripped from ships and forced into British navy.

-1807: British "Leopard" ship stopped American ship "Chesapeake" and demanded British desserts. Then opened fire.

-Jefferson doesn't want people to trade to prevent war...

-Embargo Act of 1807 shuts down trade with any other country.

-U. S. economy slows down and drops

-1808: Election -> James Madison elected as 3rd President

-1809: Adams goes to Congress and they pass the "Non-Intercourse Act"
->Allowed Americans

-1812: War of 1812 started
--American Congress declares war

-Battle of New Orleans -> last battle of war

Friday, October 17th

1800s-Election year

• Jefferson and Adams run for President (Adams tries for re-election)
• Jefferson ties for Presidency with Burr in the electoral college.
• Since no one had a majority of the votes, the election went to the House of Representatives.
• When the constitution was created political parties did not exist. However, two political parties, the federalists and the Jeffersonians, developed, but the Jeffersonians overtook the federalists.
• After 35 ballots within a week, the House of Representatives still could not resolve the tie.
• Finally, a compromise was drawn, and Jefferson became President.
• The tie led to the founding of the 12th amendment, which separated voting (one election for President and a separate election for Vice-President).

Federalist Court System

• Prior to Jefferson's presidency, the federalists established the federal court system.
• Justices were picked by the President
• Justices supported a strong national government
• The court prosecuted many Jeffersonian news editors

Judicial Act of 1801

• Established before Jefferson came to office
• It shrinks the number of Justices in the Supreme Court
• It changes the circuit court system
• creates 16 new justice positions
• The President decides on who gains one of the new justice positions; Thus, Adams appoints federalist justices the night before he leaves office. His "Midnight Judges" were appointed to maintain some federalists within the court system because the federalist party was declining.
• Jefferson attempts to get rid of the "Midnight" justices because he is annoyed that they are federalists. His initial attempts to impeach judges were slightly successful. He impeached John Pickering without rebellion or unrest. His later attempts at impeachment were unsuccessful. For example, he tried to impeach Samuel Chase, but after a trial was held in the Senate he was acquitted. The Jeffersonians finally dropped impeachment

Marbury vs. Madison (Landmark Case)

• established credibility of the Supreme Court and Judicial branch; judicial branch becomes equal to the Executive and Legislative branches.
• Marbury was a judge appointed by Adams
• Jefferson and Madison found the letter signed by Adams appointing Marbury, and they decide not to give him the letter.
• Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Madison to give him the letter, and allow him to become a justice.
• John Marchall (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court) believed that Marbury should be allowed the job but fears upsetting Jefferson. He decides that the Judiciary Act is unconstitutional, and he is unable to grant Marbury the letter.
• Jefferson got what he wanted.
• Judicial Review-the case established that the Judicial Court decides whether a law passed by Congress, signed by the President is constitutional or not.

1800's Continued

• Spain secretly gives Louisiana territory to France
• The Pinckney's Treaty allowed the U.S. to use the Mississippi River as a means of transportation to the New Orleans ports.
• Napoleon wants more territory.
• 1802- France closes ports to American ships for trade, and rumors fly about France gaining more territory.
• The slave revolt in Haiti overthrow the French
• Napoleon offers the U.S. the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for $15 million.
• Jefferson worries about the offer because not only does he not have the power to buy a large sum of land under the constitution, but he doesn't have time to amend the constitution. However, he buys it anyways, and the U.S. agrees it was a good idea.

Notes from 10-17

-courts crack down on Jeffersonians newspaper
-states can nullify a law
- Virginia and Kentucky resolves
-resolves don't get passed and don't go into effect
-Election of 1800
- Jefferson becomes President
-Aaron Burr becomes his Vice President
-Burr and Jefferson tied in the Electoral College because Federalists control Congress and they
reached an agreement a compromise in the House of Representatives
- this takes place in the House because the constitution states that if nobody gets a majority in
the electoral college then the decision is then passed over to the House
- a tie occurred because members vote for their party and electors lean towards their own
political party
- This election leads to the 12th amendment in which there are 2 separate votes in the Electoral College. One for vice president and one for president.
-Jefferson supports strong states government
-doesn't like courts
-judges are appointed by President and confirmed by the President so when Jefferson comes
into office judges are Federalists
-Judicial Act of 1801
-reduces number of supreme court from 6 to 5
- revised system and established 16 new positions that required judges
-Adams appoints Federalists and Jefferson is not happy
- the appointments that Adam makes the night before his term ends become known
as Midnight Judges
-Jeffersonians think they can get rid of them by impeaching them. They impeach John
Pickering and the Senate trial finds him guilty.
- They try to impeach Samuel Chase but are not so lucky. He is found not guilty.
-Marbury v. Madison
- Marbury knows that Adams had signed the confirmation for him to be a supreme
court justice and demands that they allow it. He is denied so he goes to the Supreme
Court.
-Marbury talks to John Marshall but Marshall is hesitant because he deosn't want
Jefferson to find a way to weaken the Judicial Branch
*** It established the principle of Judicial Review.

10/16 notes

Today in class we had a very long discussion about the presidential debate and about the economy programs of Obama and McCain.

Notes

We started the notes with talking about George Washington's advise he wanted to give when he ended his second term of presidency, which was called Washington's Farewell Address. In his farewell address, Washington gave three advises which were to not get in entangling alliances, he warns about political divisions, and that the president should only have two terms. After George Washington's presidency ended, in 1796, Jefferson and Adams ran for president. Adams was a federalist and Jefferson was democratic republic. Adams was from New England and Jefferson was from Virgina. Adams became president and Jefferson became vice-president. During Adam's presidency, he was faced with war when the British was against France. Adams took the same approach as Washington by trying not to get involved. France made this to be very hard because the northern states traded a lot with the British. France declared that any American ships would get seized and they also said that any American sailors in the the British navy would be hanged. To solve this problem Adams sent three representatives to France to make a deal with France. French wanted a loan and an apology from president Adams. That is where the phrase "Millions for defense, but not one tribute" comes from. Adams then goes to congress to set up an army. Meanwhile, France begins to seize American ships in the Caribbean causing an undeclared war at sea. While then, federalists pass laws called Alien Sedition which stated that immigrants had to wait fourteen years instead of five to be naturalized, the president gets power to jail and deport, and that people could not speak against the government. Jefferson and Madison develop the Kentucky and Virginia resolve in which they said that congress did not have power to pass these laws and also that states could nullify.

October 15 2008

There was a growing debt in America to France, unpaid soldiers, and the states all accumulated after the American Revolution. The states in the south with the exception of South Carolina already payed off their debt entirely while the states while the others did not. The new head of the Department of Treasury during the time, Alexander Hamilton was determined to handle the debt. Under his plan, Hamilton called to make the debts in the states a national debt. He proposed that an excise tax be placed on on wines, coffee, tea, and whiskey (spirits). Hamilton also asked Congress to charter a Bank of the United States. Lastly under his plan, the government would issue securities to its creditors and pay an annual interest of about 4%. Congress willing for change passed Hamilton's proposals.

When Hamilton proposed the his idea of a Bank of the United States, oppositionists especially Thomas Jefferson stated that Congress did not have the constitutional right to create such a bank. Hamilton responded to the opposition by stating a clause in the constitution empowering Congress "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" to the performance of its duties. George Washington then steps in and ultimately sided with Hamilton.

When France went to war with Britain in 1793, President Washington declared America to be neutral, therefore breaking the terms that were made in the treaties between America and France in 1778. So in April 1793 the French sent Citizen Edmond Genet to negotiate with the Americans for some assistance. When he was turned down Genet payed off American privateers to harass British shipping. Also France opened trade routes between the French Caribbean islands and America. Britain who was well informed about this seized 250 American ships and impressed American sailors into joining them. They also took a step farther as to use the Indians to spur up trouble in America while they were in their garrisoned forts in the U.S. During all of this, Pittsburgh farmers angry with the excise tax on whiskey formed a mob and who tarred and feathered excise officers and burned the property of farmers who paid the tax. Face with serious problems the people of Pennsylvania call for the government's assistance to form an army to stop the farmers. George Washington rallied 12000 militiamen who put an end to the Whiskey Rebellion. This gave the people of America a feeling of trust that was not there during the Wilkes Rebellion.

Eager to relieve tensions, Washington sends John Jay to go to Britain to negotiate. A treaty was made known as the Jay Treaty that was passed by the Senate in June 1795, extracted the promise that the British would remove their forts in the Northwest but that was it. Ultimately, the treaty was not very successful in meeting American demands.

Notes for 10/14/08

As time progresses, new state constitutions are less supportive of established churches. ***Reminder, for New England, the church was congregationalist. In Virginia it was the Anglican church.
With less state funds and support, churches are now having to meet their financial needs on their own.
All white males can now vote even if they don't own property.
This creates a more democratic feeling with more equality for citizens.
This idea of equality spreads and helps establish new ground for the Baptist and Methodist churches. (To some extent Presbyterian)
The Mormon church also starts.
People now have the option to choose what church to go to because their are so many.
The "new" churches (Baptist, Methodist etc) claim religion is more of the heart then of the head so ministers no longer have to be formally educated. They claim the Bible is the single most important source for religious knowledge. Soon the new churches dominate the white South. The new churches are seen by some as a revolt against the wealthy because most of the people in the new churches were poor. (relative to the rich plantation owners, not actually extremely poor)
The new churches accept the social hierarchy after some debate on slavery. Once cotton gin is invented they completely accept slavery and tell church members with slaves that they should bring their slaves to church and to not treat the slaves cruelly because they are "brothers in Christ".
Thousands of slaves now take up Christianity and are allowed to go to church but can't hold positions and are segregated. Independent black churches start to form and by 1820 there are about 700 independent churches and by 1830 the independent churches outnumber the other churches.

Gabriel's rebellion
slave rebellion in Richmond
Gabriel was a skilled slave (blacksmith) who was hired out frequently in Richmond. He was inspired to rebel because of the slave rebellion led by L'Ouverture that overthrew the French government in Haiti and the French revolution. Ultimately though Gabriel wanted an independent black republic and the rebellion can be called a republican revolution. Eventually however, word gets out of his rebellion. Some followers betray him and others (including Gabriel) are captured, tried, convicted and sentenced to death.

Chapter 7 Notes:

• 1790 - the future of slavery was uncertain in the Chesapeake
• tobacco market had been going down since before the Revolution
• slave labor became less necessary
• Chesapeake planters continued to switch to grain and livestock-which required less labor than tobacco-and thought up new uses for slaves: 1) their land was divided into small plots, then rented both the plots and their slaves to white tenant farmers 2) tenants were recruited from the growing ranks of free blacks 3) planters hired out their slaves as artisans and urban laborers
• none of the solutions could employ the great mass of slaves or repay the planters' huge investment in slave labor
• farmers began to set their slaves free
• white Virginians feared the social consequences of black freedom
• British industrialization created a demand for cotton from the 1790s onward
• 1793- Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, with which a slave could clean 50 pounds of cotton in 1 day rather than the previous single pound
• cotton became the American cash crop
• cotton was a labor-intensive crop that could be grown in either small or large quantities: farmers with only a few or no slaves could still make a decent profit while farmers with a large amount of land and many slaves could make enormous amounts of money
• demand for slaves grew in the new cotton-growing regions of the South
• Chesapeake planters continued to diversify crops since they lived too far north to grow cotton
• in order to finance the transition to mixed agriculture, they sold their excess slaves at high prices to planters in the cotton frontier
• coastal South Carolina and Georgia recommitted to slave labor in the years after the Revolution
• increase in grain crops caused an increase in the demand for better roads, wagons, carts, and mills
• increase in demand for slave artisans
• the rice and cotton plantations of South Carolina and Georgia required intensive labor in a diseased-ridden environment
• planters turned to the task system of slavery
• Seaport cities were the largest: growth in the urban population from 1790-1820
• in parts of these cities, there was unprecedented poverty as well, which caused severe epidemics such as yellow fever
• status of artisans in the big cities changed: skilled workment were replaced by cheaper labor
• 1815-most young craftsmen could no longer hope to own their own shops
• Decline in parental power: from mid-18th century onward, many young people grew up knowing that their father would be unable to help them
• changing patterns of courtship and marriage; young men knew that they would not inherit the family farm; young women knew that their father would be able to provide only a small dowry
• fathers exerted less control over marriage choices
• increased number of pregnancies outside of marriage
• erosion of the old family economy was paralleled by a dramatic rise in alcohol consumption
• United States became an "alcoholic republic"
• in the early stages of democracy, leaders were assumed to be the "best and brightest"
• the voting qualification changes-some states remove the land-holding policy
• belief that all white men should have equal rights;
• pressure to remove land qualifications
• step away from the vision of the founding fathers
• step toward equality among white men
• the right to vote is limited to those who were white and male
• women and free blacks lost the right to vote

By Natalie I.

1790-1820 Following the Constitution.....

Social History- what was it like like to be living in a certain place at a certain time?

Life in the North- Farming

• Few farmers considered farming a business.
• Most just grew enough to provide for their families (subsistence)
• Farmers worried about taking care of their sons and being able to pass on the farm to them.
• Soon a market for American agricultural products like meat and grain grew in the West Indies and Europe.
• American farmers only sold whatever they had surplus of their crops on the market but did not become entirely dependent on the market.

Farming Families and Neighbors

• As the farmers started producing crops for money, the farming family was affected.
• Jobs were now separated by gender.
• Instead of Mr. and Mrs. Farmer working in the fields side-by-side, Mr. Farmer and his son(s) worked outside.
• Mrs. Farmer ran the household, which meant taking care of the children.
• Since Mr. Farmer is outside in the fields all day, the lady of the farm has to administer punishments to unruly children, a job the once belonged to the father so he could assert his authority, thus gaining their respect.
• Due to a variety of new crops, diets become healthier.
• Industrial Outwork- gives farmers another way to supplement income.
• Merchants who were trying to meet the needs of cities realized that America can make finished products too, not just England.
• Products like brooms, chairs, cloth etc. could be made just as easily by purchasing the raw materials instead.
• Merchants gave the raw materials to farm families to make the product and once they had, the families gave them back to the merchant to sell.
• This was especially good for farmers after harvest time (fall-winter) because there was no farming that could be done.
• It also organized families and strengthened the father's authority (which had been taken away by his inability to inflict punishments)
• Neighborly cooperation also increases.
• Since farmers generally didn't have all the tools needed, all the food they wanted to eat or labor they needed, neighbors came together to work for each other and trade or buy products.
• Jobs like barn raising needed many people to complete (it was a common occurrence because barns didn't last long due to roting etc.) The task of husking corn was turned into a festival that brought neighbors together too.
• This improves the living standards of some.Farmhouses were often small, one story buildings with very few rooms (hardly any privacy)
• An open fire was used for warmth and light.After the 1800's, place settings like knives, forks, plates and chairs were common.
• Traditional benches were replaced by chairs with backs (way more comfortable)
• Some sons left their homes because their fathers were not able to provide farm land for them and had to provide for themselves.

Indian Issues

• By 1790's, white Americans lived along the Atlantic Coast and near major rivers.
• Indians were settled away from the major rivers and lived in the interior of the United States.
• Members of the Iroquois Federation were restricted to reservations in New York and Pennsylvania.
• Cherokee Indians were forced to give up 3/4 of their land to the U.S.
• North of Ohio to Mississippi, some Indian tribes traded fur to the British in their seven forts around the Great Lakes.
• Fights break out and since the U.S. has a new constitution, they are able to raise an army against the Indians.
• In 1794 President George Washington sends General "Mad Anthony" Wayne against the Indians at Fallen Timbers.
• The U.S. wins and produce the Treaty of Greenville which states that the Indians must give up 2/3 of their land in Ohio and Southeastern Indiana.
• The British soon leave their forts and allow the Americans to move in.
• Indians now have to compete with settlers and other Indians for game (which is growing scarce) and hunting grounds.
• The Woodlands Indians who move West confront the Indians already there and start Indian wars.
• The Cherokee Indians come together in hopes of reuniting, make a constitution and try to become farmers (only Indian group that was mildly successful)
• Tecumseh's brother "The Prophet" tries to unite the Indians- tells them to stop drinking and fighting amongst themselves so God would bring things back to the way things were before the whites came.
• He creates an army that poses a threat to the U.S.
• The British supply the Indians with arms from Canada.
• In 1811 William Henry Harrison led an army to Prophetstown (Tippecanoe) and defeated the Indians.
• After the British lose the War of 1812, there is no one left to help the Indians.

October 8,2008

• Today in class we took the Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 quiz.
• Read your notes and start reading Chapter 7.
• We will start taking notes tommorow.
• The American Revoultion Assignment is due TODAY.

AP US History 10/08/08

• Today, in class, we took a Quiz on Chapters 5 and 6.

• Nicenet comments are due by 10:00PM tonight.

• We will resume taking notes in class tomorrow.

:)

Results of the Revolutionary War

These are from 10-6-08

Loyalists: didn't support the Revolution and sided with England instead

- they believed that it was too risky to try and become independent

The British were slow to recognize the Loyalists 

-because they looked down on colonists

-called Americans Yankees and made fun of them

1/6 of the white population chose the British side

19000 fought for the Brits.

Loyalists outnumbered other soldiers in the army 2:1

20,000 former slaves separated from their owners

60-70 thousand colonists left the United States

-35 thousand went to novascotia

-6-10 thousand went to Quebec

50,000 slaves fled from their masters

-20,000 turned themselves in to the British 

In New England blacks volunteered to serve in the Continental Army in hopes of earning their freedom in return for their service after the war.

Almost all the Indians sided with the British

-they thought an American victory would be a threat

-first tried to stay neutral

Only the Cherokee Indians took up arms against the British and fought with the Americans

In the South the Kataba tribe was the only to fight against the Brits. 

The last major battle of the Revolution was the Battle of Yorktown

-the Brits. were trapped

-the Continental army came marching from the land on one side, and the French sailed in from the sea on the other

-the Brits surrendered (8,000 troops)

-caused the Brit. government back in England to fall

-signaled the end of the war

The Americans broke the terms in the Treaty with France

-they began to open peace talks with the British

They sealed the deal with the Treaty of Paris (2nd one)

-extended U.S. territory to the Mississippi River

-recognized the U.S as independent

-New England fishermen were allowed to fish off the coast of Newfoundland

-allowed British to collect debts that the Americans still owed

-loyalists were not to be persecuted

-loyalists were to get any land that was taken from them

After the Revolutionary War - Notes:

October 7, 2008.

Today we took notes during class. Tomorrow we will be taking a quiz on Chapters 5 and 6, so be sure to read the book as well as the notes.

The fighting aspect of the Revolutionary War is finished, but there is still a large impact.

The time coincides with the time in which people were questioning the need for slavery:

• a number of former slaves were set free.
• in the deep south, slavery is renewed.
• the British army released some slaves in GA and SC and other southern states.
• in New England, some slaves fought in the continental army in hopes of freedom; freedom was generally granted.
• in Massachusetts, a female slave won her freedom in a court decision.
• northern states gradually passed emancipation laws.
• all thirteen states had laws for legal slavery before the war, but after the war there were changes.
• Maryland and Virginia gave slave owners the authority to set free slaves.
• slave states in the south maintained their laws.
• South Carolina and Georgia reopened the Atlantic Slave trade (they were the only two states to do so after the war).

Following the war, Americans looked to expand:

• the colonies/U.S. expanded during and after the war.
• Daniel Boone cut the wilderness road from Maryland to Kentucky in 1775.
• after 1780, settlers in Kentucky faced Indian attacks, much like all early settlers did.

Spain and Britain:

• Spain still had territory and gave weapons to the Indians.
• Britain still had forts around the Great Lakes and refused to give up these forts.
• the British argued that the U.S. didn't honor the terms of the Treaty of Paris; they claimed that the U.S. didn't treat the loyalists fairly, so the British refused to vacate.
• Some of the soldiers were promised land to fight, so they had to go West to get land; once again, they faced troubles with the Native Americans.

The Articles of Confederation:

• the Articles of Confederation (A of C) provided the U.S. with a very week national government; but that was its purpose.
• under the A of C, there were achievements.
• Congress convinced the states to give up land claims north of the Ohio River to the national government.
• with the national government holding the land, the Land Ordinance of 1785** was passed by Congress.; this law authorized the surveying of the northwest territory and divided its plots, once the land is surveyed they would divide it into townships, and there are 36 sections in a township.
• once this land was surveyed, it would be sold in auctions and such ($1 per acre); this is the governments way of making money since they didn't tax.
• in 1787, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787** - this authorized the creation of 3-5 states; initially they would be territories; Congress would appoint a territorial governor and council until the population reached 5000; once the pop. was at 5000, as assembly could be established; when the pop. reached 60000, settlers could adopt their own constitution and could request to be admitted as a state.
• the Northwest Ordinane had language that protected people's civil liberties, endorsed public education, and prohibited slavery in all of the northwest territory.

Economy:

• following the Revolutionary War, in many places the US economy went into a depression.
• merchants would have to go to court and sue customers in order to get the money they needed to pay England for the goods.
• farmers had to look to the state government to help them.
• the state government started to issue paper money and some states posted laws to postpone the due dates of payments.
• unlike the other states, Mass. raised taxes higher and wanted taxes to be paid in coin (gold and silver).
• in 1786 - farmers in a county in Mass. took matters into their own hands; they decided that the way to protect their farms was to shut down the court.
• 1786- Daniel Shays organized a farmers' attack in which an arsenal was raided and the courts were shut down.; Mass. requested military support from the national government, but the national government didn't have any resources so they asked other states, who refused.
• after some time, a militia in Mass. was formed and they scattered the farmers, who retreated to New Hampshire.
• this event demonstrated that the A of C was not strong enough and that the government was too weak.

The Change:

• Va took the lead and urged all the states to come to a convention in Annapolis, MD.
• the Annapolis convention was basically a failure, but VA and four of the middle states approved a convention in Philedelphia in which the A of C would be revised.
• all states except for Rhode Island attended the Philadelphia convention in 1787; while there, VA proposed the VA plan which was not a revision of the A of C, but a complete change.
• the VA plan called for: a bicameral 2 house legislature; there was no power to tax or regulate trade in the lagislature; the legislature was still dominant; states power in legislature was based on size/population of the state; federal court system and chief executive (unlike the A of C); legislative branch would control who was head of executive branch; called for ratification of new constitution by convention in each of states, not by state legislature.
• the small states didn't like th VA plan because it was based on size and population.
• because of this, a new plan was created called the New Jersey Plan, which was more like amendments to the A of C.
• the NJ plan: gave national Congress/legislature the power to tax imports and to levy a stamp tax; gave power to regulate trade to legislature; national gov. would have power to force states to pay requisitions; instead of states represented by the population, each state would be equal and would have only one vote.

The Compromise:

• the biggest issue which almost causes the convention to fail is how to represent states in the legislative branch.
• the state of Connecticut announced that it would accept a 2-house arrangement with one house (the House of Representatives) based on population, and the other (the Senate) with equal numbers of votes per state.
• the Connecticut Compromise is accepted.
• since this issue is now solved, they then had questions of how to choose a president and how long they should serve, etc.

After the delegates signed:

• after the delegates agreed and signed the new constitution, the states had to ratify it; so all the states held conventions and at least 9 had to ratify.
• the federalists supported the constitution, the antifederalists did not.
• Delaware, Penn., NJ, GA, and Connecticut ratified the constitution quickly.
• Mass. struggled to make a decision; the federalists in Mass. barely win out and had to agree with the antifederalists that a Bill of Rights needed to be created.
• MD and SC then ratified next.
• New Hampshire, VA, New York, NC, had a rough time; the antifederalists were convinced that the national government would be too strong and thought the House of Representatives would be an aristocracy; they wanted a Bill of Rights.
• Alex Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison wrote essays explaining the constitution and why it should be ratified; these essay are known as the Federalist Papers.
• New Hampshire was the 9th state to ratify; VA and NY ratified as well.
• this left NC; NC waited until the Bill of Rights is written and passed before ratifying.
• Rhode Island took two years after the first state ratifying to ratify the constitution.
• James Madison* is known as the 'father of the convention'; George Washington was there, but he didn't talk much and was president of it to simply regulate or end potential fights/disagreements.

Those are the notes :]