Thursday April 30th

Today we got our semester exams back and got the chance to look over them. The AP Exam is next Friday, so study-mucho!!!

APRIL 29, 2009

Today we got our AP booklet and answer sheet and filled them out!

Our AP test is May 8th

Study!!

----rachel poock

Today we filled out the information on our AP test answer sheets and recieved our student packs for the exam May 8th (next Friday!).

4/29/09

Today we filled out our test booklet things for the AP exam. If you were absent, make sure you see Mr. G. because this is important!

The AP exam is on Friday, May 8th, so be ready.

On Tuesday, April 28, 2009:

• Meeting of the Minds project for a quiz grade, see School fusion for details

Notes for Future:

• AP test on MAY 8th <---- SHOULD BE STUDYING!
• Money in if you don't have it in already

Monday April 27, 2009 Notes

Today, we did a timed write concerning the resurgence of conservative politics starting with the "Reagan Revolution," in the election of 1980.

April 27, 2009

Today, we took the Chapter 29-31 Timed Write. Tomorrow, we will be having a project, Meeting of the Minds. Best of Luck to All.

Friday 24,2009

Friday we took the chapter 29-31 test. Monday there will be a timed write.

Today we took the chapter 29-31 test. Monday there will be a timed write.

Notes for April 23
1992- Bush reelected. Clinton becomes President
-Increase government spending to create jobs
-overhaul healthcare system
-overhaul welfare system laws so that every who can work, works.
-Republican issues - New Democrats
-Reduce taxes on middle class
-shrink size of deficit
-Appeared on MTV playing the saxaphone
-Clinton and Hillary acknowledge marital problems
-Beats Bush by a comfortable margin
-Gets the votes of Blacks, Latinos, Jews, Vietnam Vets
-Appoints more women, latinos, jews, and blacks to government positions than any other president

Clinton has several Domestic victories in first term
-ends the ban on abortion counseling in family clinics that are federally supported
-Pushed a paternity leave for dads so both mom and dad get some time with baby
-Est Americorps which allows students to pay off college loans by doing community service.
-Congress passes the Brady Bill which puts a 5 day waiting period on handgun purchases

-Anti-Crime laws passed and paid for putting more police officers on the streets
-Three strikes you're out policy=3 felonies is a mandatory prison sentence
-Congress passes Deficit reduction plan that features tax increase and federal spending tax along with the expansion of earned tax credit for low income families
-Efforts led by Hillary Clinton to reform the health care system collapses

-Clintons were looked at due to personal problems. Involved in Saving's and company that went bankrupt and failed land development project called "whitewater"
-1994, Starr was appointed by Clinton as independent prosecutor to investigate whitewater affair but didn't find anything,

Nov 94- Initial things are positive, but Republican receive a victory in Senate and House
-Architect named Newt Gingrich who printed and published a book called Contract w America
- Showed republican platform to reduce government programs and government regulation of businesses
-Becomes the Speaker of the House
-Republicans fail to govern well. Two intentional government shutdowns of government agencies and the public blames republicans
-Gingrich doesn't compromise appropriations bills that don't get passes and agencies shut down briefly because there is no money

US Economy begins to revive
-Chairman of Fed Reserve board, Alan Greenspan gained reputation for keeping inflation in check through management of interest rates
-low inflation and steady growth created jobs
-stock markets rose dramatically
-unemployment fell and real wages rose

Clinton leads an overhaul of welfare systems and saw the personal responsibility and work opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996(Welfare Reform Act) tightens collection of child support and reorganized childcare and nutrition programs
-cuts food stamps and sets up the temporary Assistance to Needy Families through Block Grants.
-Person limited to Five years of welfare in a lifetime and only 2 years at a time

-Clinton reelected easily in 96.

98 and 99- Political life began revolving around Clinton's personal behavior and sexual appropriations with white house intern, Monica Lewinsky

Thursday 4/23

Not Everything Was a Success

-Feb 1994, high-ranking CIA official Aldrich Ames, pled guilty to a decade of selling info to the Soviet Union and Russia causing deaths of CIA agents.

-In 1993, the World Trade Center in NYC was bombed.

-In 1998, the United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed.

-In 2000, the USS Cole (guided missile destroyer) was bombed while at dock in Yemen.

-After the Soviet Union collapsed, Clinton made an attempt to prevent Soviet nuclear weapon inventories from falling into the wrong hands.

-Economic aid sent to Ukraine in return for a promise to disarm 1600 warheads.

-Project Sapphire transfered enriched Uranium stocks from Kazakhstan to storage in the United States.

-With Jimmy Carter's help, an agreement was reached with North Korea to dismantle its nuclear program in return for assistance in building safe, nuclear power generators.

-Clinton pressed nations to sign to a new nuclear non-proliferation treaty in 1995.

-In 1998, Clinton went to the brink of war with Iraq in an unsuccessful attempt to get Iraq to accept international weapons inspections.

-Globalization-Lowering Trade Barriers and Expanding global markets was a high priority.

-Clinton got Congress to ratify the North American free trade agreement.

-Clinton gave loan guarantees to Mexico in 1995 when a severe Mexican debt crisis threatened both Mexican and International financial systems.

-Clinton saw the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GAFF) and replaced it with the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Election of 2000

-Democrat Al Gore beat George Bush in popular vote but election hinged on electoral college vote and particularly on who won Florida.

-Outcome in Florida was uncertain.

-Absentee ballots had to be recounted.

-Punch-cards interfered.

-Eventually United States Supreme Court stepped in and by a 5 to 4 vote, stopped manual recounter.

-Gore was defeated.

BUSH

-9/11

-War on Terror -> War on Iraq

-Patriot Act

-Homeland Security

-Security in Airports Heightened

-Huge "Reagan-Style" Deficits.

Thursday the 23rd.

-Clinton's approval ratings remained high

-Republicans loose many seats

-Gingrich resigns to to his 'extra-marital affairs'

house of Representatives pass 2 charges of impeachment on Clinton- purgery; and obstructing justice

- Goes to trial in the Senate where Clinton is found not guilty with either charge because it was not a high crime or misdemeanor

-Clinton's personal responsibilities were damaged, but his ratings were still high

-Economic growth continued, unemployment dropped, crime dropped, welfare dropped

-Earned Income Tax helped low income families

-Democrats reputation changes-supporters of economic growth

Foreign Affairs

-Clinton had an expansive, internationalist vision

-Free market, better relationship with UN, expanding NATO, advancing human rights, reduce nuclear threats- not much going on, wasn't quite successful

-In Somalia-suffering from famine, armed mobs led by war lords, ineffective government- war lords would steal the food that the UN was sending in for the people

-Clinton sent in military troops to provide security of the UN food, yet 18 were killed (known as Black Hawk Down), U.S. troops were taken out and starvation continued

-In Haiti, mobs wanted the removal of elected president, who was ousted, U.S. wanted to restore government

-'False Start'- U.S. Navy ship comes, but stays at sea when large mob is waiting at port, eventually comes to port when mob was smaller, elected president is restored (but only for a few years)

-Security in Haiti was the turned over to the UN

-Clinton faces unrest in the former country of Yugoslavia- in Serbia, Albanian Muslims were being killed by Serbian Christians- NATO comes in and proposes a bombing campaign

-In 2000- large military effort to stop drug flow from Columbia

-Aldrich Ames, former CIA, was caught and pled guilty to selling information to Soviet Union and Russia

-In 1993- the World Trade Center was bombed

-In 1998- U.S. embassy bombed in Kenya and Tanzania

-In 2000- Guided missile- USS Cole- was bombed while at dock in Yemen

-After Soviet Union collapses many were scared that the Soviet's nuclear weapons would end up in the hands of terrorists

-U.S. made a deal to give economic help to poorer countries if they dismantled their nuclear weapons

- In Kazakhstan- Uranium was transferred to the U.S.

-With Jimmy Carter's help- an agreement was made with North Korea to dismantle their nuclear programs

-Clinton pressed man nations to sign the New Nuclear weapon treaty in 1995

-In Iraq- Clinton pushed for the inspection of possible weapons, and Iraq did not allow this

-Free Trade Movement-1990's- Congress ratifies free trade agreement

-Mexico- Currency crisis- U.S. relied on Mexico for trade- gave up to 40 billion dollars in loan if necessary

-Establishment of World Trade Organization

-Election of 2000- Al Gore vs. George W. Bush, Gore had more popular votes, outcome in Florida was uncertain- problem with ballots and voting machines, people wanted a manual recount

-Supreme Court shut down manual recount- George W. Bush won election

GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST TOMORROW!! :]]]

by: Corinne M.

Tuesday April 21, 2009

IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR
- Bolin created an ammendment to cut off funds for the contra through congress, however Reagan was extremly oppposed to this act.
-In November 1986 a Lebanese magazine published an article that said the Reagan administration was selling arms to Iran to secure a deal to release America hostages being held by Iranian militants, particularly CIA agent Chief Buckley.

• this violated Reagans policy not to help iran in the war against iraq
• It also went against Reagans policy in which they said they would not negotiate with countries for their hostages

Eventually the Reagan administration confirmed the arms sells to Iran that the "profits" had been passed to the contra.

Marine LTC Oliver North who was assigned to the national security council as the point man for testyfiying against contra affairs, was granted immunity after being convicted in court after testifying.

-Buckley was tortured to death

-Reagan succesfully maintained he knew no details of either the hostage release or money to the contra

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

Gorbachev became the leader in the Soviet Union, he soon realized he had several economi problems to deal with upon election to office

-he took some troops out of Afghanistan

-and cut back support to Cuba and Nicauragua

he then created two policies

1. GLASNOST: "openess" that people speak out, form interest groups and are able to criticize
2. PERESTROIKA: "reconstruction" economic liberalization permitting some small bussinesses and a shift in economic decision making to give factory managers more in control.

-Gorbachev and Reagan begin arms control talk

• Oct 1986 both men meet in Iceland, Reagan shocked both Gorbachev and the U.S when he proposed total nuclear weapons ban
• Dec 1987 Reagan and Gorbachev signed a treaty reducing each nations supply of intermediate range missles INF treaty
• Gorbachev 1988, gets rid of old soviet policy that other countries have to have communism based on the Soviet Union...which led to the end of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union

FIRST BUSH PRESIDENCY:

VP Bush gained republican nomination in 1988 w/ ease eventhough the Reagan presidency was losing popularity. Bush had the lowest voter turnout in 64 years. His campaign slogan was "no new taxes", however economic growth was declining and he had agreed to creating new taxes so his party turned against him.

• 1989 Polish gov. falls solidarity oust pro-soviet gov
• pro-Soviet gov of East Germany fall Nov 1989
• East and West Berlin tore down the great wall, commi gov forced out of Czech, Hingaria, Romanis and Bulgaroa. Yugoslavia desinegrated as ethnic hatres flared
• most dramatic- Russia's president Boris Yeltsin led Russia out of what was left for the Soviet Union leaving 12 independant countries and no Soviet Union
• Bush then turns his attention to the "war on drugs" Panama deeply involved transit point. Mauel Norega was pres of Panama and was also involved in drug traffiking which becomes huge embarrasment to Bush so he decides hes going to push Noriega out of presidency in Dec 1989.

-us marines sent to Panama in operation just cause

-Noreiga found refuge in a catholic church

- when he was extradited to the US to stand trial, in April 1992 he was convicted of Cocaine traffiking and he is still in prison

August 1990 Iraq pres. Saddam Husein sent his troops into Gulf Oil Kingdom of Kuwait. Bush feared Saudia Arabia was next...Operation Desert Shield sent 230,000 troops into the country. Taking case to the UN he won the authorization to lead an invasion force if Iraq had not withdrawn by January 15, 1991. Bush amassed a force of 500,000 americans and 200,000 others and got congress to approve a resolution. when the deadline passed the US launcged and air attack in February, 24 US ground troops led the offensive and in 4 days had shattered the Iraq armies.

THE US

-maintained economic sanctions of Iraq, worked to dismantle all nuclear and bioligical weapons. also enforced a "no fly" zone over northern Iraq to protect the Kuridish population.

The Iran Contra Affair

In November 1986, a lebanese magazing reported that the Reagan Administration was selling arms to Iran as part of a secret deal to secure the release of Americans - particularly CIA Statin Chief Buckly - being held hostage by Islamic Militants

• This Violaded a Reagan policy that it would not help Iran - Iran was in a war with Iraq and we were still angry at Iran for the embassy take over in 1979, and
• A second Policy saying that we would not negociate for hostages

The Reagan administration eventually confirmed the arms sales to iran and that the "profits" had been passed to the contras.

• Marine LTC Oliver North, who was assigned to the National Security Council, was the point man for an operation that violated stated white house poicy and the "intent" of the Boland Amendment.

President Reagan successfully maintained that he knew no details of either the hostage release or funding for the contras.

• Eventually North and his boss at the NSC, John Poindexter were convicted of lying to congress but their convictions were overturned because they had been granted immunity from prosecution by congress when they testified at congressional hearings investigating Iran-Contra

Reform in the Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader in 1985

• He realized that he had severe economic weakness and enormous environmental pollution.
• He pulled Soviet troops from Afghanistan, cut back support to Cuba and Nicaragua and introduced 2 dramatic policies.
• Glasnost, openness, that let people sneak out from interest groups and criticize, and
• Perestroika restructuring which was an economic liberalization permitting some small businesses and a shift in economic decision making to give factory managers greater control

Gorbachev and Reagan began arms control talks

• In October 1986 at a meeting in Iceland, Reagaon shocked both Gorbachev and the US by proposing a total ban on nuclear weapons.
• Gorbachev insisted that star wars be included in this ban and the talks stumbled.
• But in December 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed a treaty reducing each nations supply of intermediate range missiles, INF treaty

By 1988, Gorbachev scrappped the Soviet Union policy that forbade any nation under Soviet influence from renouncing Communism

• this opened the way to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union

The First Bush Presidency

Vice President Bush gained the Republican nomination in 1988 with ease even though the Reagan Administration had been losing popularity

Bush won in an election featuring the lowest voter run out in 6 years. His early moves angered conservatives.

• he agreed to an increase in the minimum wage
• he failed to veto the civil rights act of 1991, which provided for preferencial hiring of women and african americans in business and gov't
• Most important, he broke out a "no new taxes" campaign promiese when he needed to deal with a rising federalist

In addition, economic growth began to slow as the budget deficit continued to increase

Soviet Communism collapsed, Communist states fell like dominos

• In 1989, in poliand, the anti communist labor party, solidarity, ousted the pro soviet regime
• The pro soviet government of east germany fell in November 1989
• Ease and west germany tore down the berlin wall
• Communist governments were forced out in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria
• Yugoslavid disinegrated as ethnic hatreds feared and groups tried to recreate slovenia, servia, bosnia, and croana
• Most dramatic, Russian President Boris Yeltsin led Russia out of what was left of the S.U., leaving 12 independent countries and no SU

Elsewhere, Bush promoted the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that would bring Mexico, The U.S, and Canada into a large free trade zone.

The sandinistas were voted out of office in Nicaragua

Bush turned his attention to war on drugs

• Panamas president Manual Noriega was deeply involved in the drug trade
• The Reagan Administration had secured an indictment against Noriega for drug traffiking and had used economic sanctions to try to drive him from office
• Noriega was an embarrassment as he had been a CIA Assett when Bush was director of the CIA
• Bush dicided to oust Noriega
• US marines landed in Panama in December 1989 in operation Just Cause
• Noriega was surrounded and surrendered
• It was then extracted to the US to stand trial
• In April 1992, he was convicted of Cocaine traffiking and imprisoned in the US
• he is still in prison.

The middle east was the next test when in august 1990, iraqs president Saddam Hussein sent his troops into kingdom of Kuwait.

Fearing the Saudi Arabia would be next, Bush formed an international response

• Saudi Arabia agreed to the presence of US troops and operation Desert Shield moved 230,000 troops into the country
• Taking the case to the UN, Bush won un authorization to lead an invasion force if Iraq had not withdrawn by Jan 19, 1991
• Bush amassed a huge force of almost 500,000 americans and 200,000 others and he got congress to approve a resolution backing the use of force
• when the deadline passed, the US launched an Air War.
• On Feb 24, US ground troops went on the offensive and in 4 days had shattered the Iraqi armies

Bush then decided not to pursue Saddam Husseins ouster from power, a move that the UN had not agreed to and which US military advisors thought would be costly to achieve

Instead the US:

• maintained economic sanctions of Iraq
• Worked to dismantle Iraqis nuclear and biological capabilities
• Enforced a "No-Fly" zone over northern Iraw to protect the Kurdish population.

Election & Reagan

• Democrats came close to not even nominating Carter for a second term
• Ronald Reagan (Republican) narrowly won the popular vote but won an overwhelming electoral college vote
• Reagan's NEw Mroning in America caled for 1. tax reductions 2. opposition to abortion 3. support for prayer in school and endorsement of traditions and family values
• conservative religous figures like Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson threw their support for Raeagan
• Reagan touted supply side economics
• They argued that large tax cuts on buisnesses and the wealthy would lead to investment and new jobs
• Congress approved Reagan's requests for tax cuts which favored rich people & buisnesses
• In conjunction the federal Reserve board kept interesxr rates high
• the result was an econimic recession
• the worst economic recession since 1929
• unemployement refused to drop after the recession ended

In other Domestic areas

• nominates Sandra Day O'Connor frist woman supreme court justice
• several othere new conseravitive judges but some were not accepted
• tried to relax enforcemnet of safety and environment laws
• in the end 1 of 5 households were below poverty level.

Election

• Reagan wins by a landslide
• republicans want to lower deficit
• later, conservatives were dissapointed with Reagan

Foreign Policy

• SDI or Star wars becomes the new policy
• the most money ever point into a government project
• Reagan used the military some as well
• Grenada becomes the next international crisis when their prime minister is killed
• marines are sent in to keep down protests
• Central America-US trains Contras to fight against the government in Nicaragua called the Sandinistas
• US Senate bans financial support to Contras but Reagan tasks his administration to find a way around the law.
• the result is rich buisness men to contribute money and it works.

Monday - April 20, 2009

*Note: Do your homework or Grimlock will eat them, ONLINE!*

Reagan

• Due to retirement, Reagan appointed almost 50% of judges of the day, conservatives as S. Court Justices
• Eased enforcement on safety + enviornmental laws
• Stop welfare programs + etc, e.g. Food Stamps
• Social Security ---> "index" payments to ^ $ of living
• Late '80s, 1/5 kids raised in homes whose total income below poor level
• Recovered from ~hitman's shot in '81
  -Reagan, V.P. George H. W. Bush, and possibly bodyguard, all survived gunshots; Earned Reagan much fame
• '84: Democs. nominated Minnisota Sent. Walter Mondale to vs Reagan
  -Geraldine Ferraro: 1st woman running candidate for VP in US history, ran for Mondale
  -Reagan won in LANDSLIDE w/ Mondale having Minnisota + Wash. D.C.
• 2nd term, Saw congress Act to limit fed. deficit by passing Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act of '85 [Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of '85 ] - G-R-H Act: US budget deficit reduction method; Gave way for auto. spending cuts to take effect if pres. and Congress failed to reach est. goals; US restraint general allowed right to order spending cuts - auto. cuts were said unconstitutional
  - Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 - Revised version passed; Failed to reduce deficits; '90 revision changed its goal from deficit reduction to spending limitation
• Reagan tried change welfare programs w/ Family Support Act of '88 - FAILED [epically]
  - FSA '88: Media article say law - required teen moms who get public aid to stay in high school and sometimes to live with their parents; Fixed on dropping # of families on Aid to Families with Dependent Children [AFDC] + w/ holding wages of absent parents; Forced families on welfare to do community service + provide transitional benefits for families who no longer qualify for benefits
  - Reagan est. work training jobs, but don't ensure jobs given
• Religious Right think Reagan no try hard against abortion
• Reagan not interested w/ fixing Social Security
• '89 - Congress enacts $$$ bailout
• Reagan's terms changed political labels
  - Liberal: code word for wasteful social programs
  - Conservative: ?
• Foreign policy: Reagan rapidly want reverse Carter's weak pts., Reagan asked + gained ^ of $$$ for defense by Congress
• '84 - Reagan propose Star Wars [Strategic Defense Initiative/ SDI], ground and space-based protection program against nuclear missiles; Never fully finished
  - Most $$$ project in US time
  - Big pressures on SU's weak economy
• Gov't played to grp conservative Cuban-Amricans by est. Radio Martí [based in FL and sent anti-Castro news to Cuba and others]
• Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) - provide Caribbean nation good economic treatment if they upheld Free Market ideals
• Covert acts ^ - CIA help anti-communist forces in Afghanistan vs SU invasion + control opposing Sandinista gov't in Nigeria
  - Reagan often used military means to end conflicts
• In Lebanon, Israeli troops vs Muslim Lebaneese
  - Reagan convinced Isreli withdrawl + sent 1.6k US Marines as peacekeepers
  - Muslims angery w/ Americans
  - Suicide bombing raid into US base killed 241 Marines
  - '83 - remaining Marines withdrawl
• Oct '93, Reagan sent 2k US troops to Caribbean island - Grenda - to find Socialist leader Maurice Bishop (connections to Cuba + SU)
  - He had major airfield able to handle SU
  - Maurice + Wife murdered
  - 24 hr "shoot-on-site" curfew in affect - 1k American students on island @ risk
  - Restoration, US oversaw elections that'd have friendly gov't towards US
  - Reagan asked to fly students out 2x, both a NO = military go in
• Central America, Reagan trained Contras (Nicaraguans vs Nicaragua Sandinista gov't - which was getting aid from Cuba + SU)
  - US aid military of Honduras w/ training + economic aid while attempt encourage to shift ---> Greater Democracy in El Salvador + Guatemala
  - Very difficult
  - Boland Amendment of '84: Prohibitted US aid to Contras in Nicaragua
  ~Reagan want advisors to find way around law
  ~ 1 solution: have rich Americans + other countries fund them

Notes From April 9

Sorry that I'm posting this so late! Here are the notes from Thursday, April 9...

CHAPTER 31

-Ford inherited staglation; focused on rising prices rather than on increasing unemployment; his program was "Whip Inflation Now" (WIN):
One year income tax surcharge and cuts in federal spending as solutions to inflation; prices defied predictions of prevailing economic wisdom and rose
Rising prices accompanied by sharp recession
Both prices and unemployment continued to rise
Ford abandons WIN
-Ford and democratic Congress couldn't agree on how to deal with stagflation
Ford vetoed 39 spending bills
Eventually went along with congressional program that included:
tax cut, increase in unemployment benefits, unbalanced federal budget, limited set of controls over oil prices
-Ford steered US through final days in Vietnam
began by assuring S. Vietnam that the US would support them if North were to threaten
N. Vietnamese army moved rapidly thru South in 1975; Congress refused to re-introduce US military power
April 1975 - Communists drove American backed government in Cambodia out of power and overran Saigon (renaming it Ho Chi Minh City)
-May 1975 - elements of Cambodian Khimer Rouge boarded US merchant ship Mayaguez and seized crew
Ford ordered rescue mission and bombing strikes against Cambodia; crew rescued; Marines killed in attempt
-1976- Jimmy Carter elected; low voter turnout - Carter wins narrow victory and enters office w/o popular mandate
-increasing numbers of people living in central cities could find only low-paying, short-term jobs with no fringe benefits; many had no jobs
WHY? Tax cuts and increases spending on public works projects temporarily lowered unemployment rate; federal reserve board permitted money supply to grow
*measures meant to stimulate recovery actually caused increased price inflation
-ever-rising internation oil prices triggered series of gasoline/home heating fuel increases that rippled through economy - inflation andhigh prices chocked off productivity and economic growth
-Carter primised significant change in foreign policy, and we got it
extended amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers
concern for human rights - "Human Rights President"
chose a hard liner national security advisor (Zbignew Brezinski) and a go-easy secretary of state (Cyrus Vance)
*policy making was in a disarray
-Relinquish ownership of US built Panama Canal to Panama despite strong opposition; Carter negotiated treaty with Panama and was ratified by US Senate by one vote
Canal passed to Panama in 2000
CARTERS GREATEST FOREIGN POLICY SUCCESS = bringing leaders of Egypt and Israel to Camp David where they developed framework for reaching a Middle East peace treaty after years of Arab-Israeli Wars in exchange for hige guarantees of financial assistance
-1977 - Carter sent proposal to change the public welfare system to Congress opposing any increase in federal budget - asked for more cash assistance to the poor and more jobs
Proposal died in Congress
-pushed hard on energy issues
without consulting Congress, goes on national TV and announced complicated energy proposal:
expand domestic energy production through new tax incentives and deregulation of natural gas production
decreased US reliance on foreign oil and natural gas
levy new taxes to discourage gasoline use
foster conservation by encouraging energy-saving measures
promote non-petroleum energy sources
*Congress quickly rejected
- no greater success with economic policy; inherited Nixon and Ford's stagflation
-pledged to lower both unemployment and inflationl stimulate economic growth and balance federal budget
1980- economy almost stopped expanding; unemployment and inflation increased
-Carter dumped on Taiwan and established formal diplomatic ties with communist China
-human rights policies applied inconsistently - hammered small weak states and ignored abuses by major powers
some allies who repressed their citizens (Fernando Marcos in Phillipines) felt little pressurel Samoza gov't in Nocoragua fell to anti-American Sandinistas
- In Iran...Shah Reza Pahlavi - installed by US CIA in 1953 came under pressure for allowing too much westernization of Iran - Muslim church led opposition; overthrown by Islamic fundamentalists in 1979
-Shah asked for and was denied entry to US where his son was attending Air Force Academy; Carter relented when it became known that the Shah was dying of cancer and that the US had the best treatment facilities
- November 1979 - group of Iranians overran US embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage and demanded return of Shah in exchange for hostages
*Carter talked tough and levied economic sanctions against Iran
- Hostage situation interrupted by Soviet Union invading Afghanistan in December 1979
Carter halted grain sales to Soviets (hurt American farmers)
Pulled the US out of Moscows Olympics of 1980
Withdrew a new strategic arms limitation treaty (SALT II) from Senate ratification process
-After the 1980 election campaign heated up, Carter authorized a military rescue of American hostages in Tehran
*the rescue was a SCREWED UP DISASTER - not Carter's fault, however

And that's it. Don't forget the spring break assignment...have a good week!
Olivia

Friday April 10 2009.

The Iranian Hostage Humiliation
On November 4, 1979, a bunch of anti-American Muslim militants stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took the people inside hostage, demanding that the U.S. return the exiled shah.

Carter set out a military task force to retrieve the American hostages, but that had to be aborted, and when two military aircraft collided, do to sand being trapped in the engines, eight of the would-be rescuers were killed. It wasn’t considered carters fault but a military mess up. Very embarrassing

The stalemate hostage situation dragged on for most of Carter’s term, and was never released until January 1981,the inauguration day of Ronald Reagan. Which made reagon look very good

Presidency 1980

The 1980 presidency came down to Jimmy Carter on the Democratic side and Ronald Reagan on the republican side.
Ronald Reagan addressed America with his "New Morning in America" speech. It addressed 1) tax reductions 2) and opposition to abortion 3) Family values and prayer in school.

The Battle of the Budget

Reagan’s budget cost $695 million, and the vast majority of budget cuts fell upon social programs, not on defense.

“supply side” economics to lower individual taxes, almost eliminate federal estate taxes, and create new tax-free savings plans for small investors.

this theory backfired as the nation slid into its worst recession since the Great Depression

Reaganomics


During the 1980s, income gaps widened between the rich and poor for the first time in the 20th century and it was massive military spending that upped the American dollar and made America the world’s biggest borrowers.

Many farmers were effected negatively due to the recession, ( house foreclosures)

Remember to do your spring break assignment over the break

Pre-Spring Break Notes of Fun

The 1980 Election Year Heats Up....

• President Carter authorized a military rescue of the American hostages in Tehran.
• FAILURE.
• Navy ships were sent to the coast. Helicopters were then sent from the ships to fly over the desert and grab the hostages. Little did they know that when a helicopter flies over a sandy area, all of the sand whirls upward and clogs the engine....
• The military was at fault for the failure, not Carter this time.
• 8 Americans died in the attempt and none of the rescuers reached Tehran.

Carter v. Reagan

• Democrats came close to not nominating Carter for a second term.
• Republican Ronald Reagan narrowly wins the popular vote but won an overwhelming electoral college vote.

Reagan's "New Morning in America" Called For...

• Tax reductions
• Opposition to abortion
• Support of prayer in school
• Endorsement of traditional family values

Conservative religious figures like Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson threw their support to Reagan.

"Supply-Side Economics"

• A theory which argued that large tax cuts or businesses and the wealthy would lead to investment and new jobs.
• Congress approves Reagan's request for the tax cuts which favored wealthy people and businesses.
• The Federal Reserve Board kept interest rates high to drive down inflation.

The Results

• Nasty economic recession in 1981 and 1982.
• Worst since Great Depression.
• By late 1982, economy rebounded and entered period of non-inflationary growth.
• Unemployment however, did not drop as expected.

Sounds more like "Reaganomics" to me...

• Reagan didn't follow true Supply-Side Economics.
• Did not match the tax cuts with the budget reductions.
• Reagan rolled up a strange record of deficits and spending.
• The deficits tripled to $300 billion.
• To cover the debt, the U.S. borrowed money from foreign investors and piled up the highest foreign debt in the world.

Farmers

• Many farmers lost their farms to mortgage foreclosures.
• Musicians like Willie Nelson held charity concerts to help them out because the crop prices fell and now carried high-interest loans.

Many jobs created during this time ere low paying, non-unionized, service sector jobs with no fringe benefits.
The gap between the rich and poor grew wider.

• *Remember to read the Spring Break Assignment posted at School Fusion! Have a great break*

Wednesday 4/8/09

reminder- there is a spring break assn. on fusion
Stagflation - (unemployment and inflation both rise)
to fix, Nixon freeses increasing wages and prices
in an inflationary economy, since prices are up workers want higher wages.. which leads to more spending.. which leads to higher prices.. so he implemented a 90 day freeze where neither prices or wages would rise.. didnt work well.
way back when - John Marshall Court favored a strong nat. gov.
now - Chief Justice Earl Warren's Court supports citizen rights
E.Warren court upholds that the constitution requires police to remind people of thier rights (i.e. miranda)
Books - Ralph Nadar "Unsafe at any Speed" - dangers of automobiles - leads to the passage of seatbelt laws - hasnt been on exam-
Rachel Carson "silent Spring" - environmental -> chemical pesticide DDT causing birds to lay eggs with thin shells.. less birds survive (no birds chirping, making the spring silent hence the title).. laws ban DDT: book has made exam.
Occupational Safety Act - mentioned.. not detailed
NOW(National Organiz. Women) - want an Equal Rights Ammendment to constitution
ammendments have to be approved by congress and ratified by the states. this one was approved but not ratified; there is no ERA in constitution. ERA divides women. Conservative women protest against it (notably, Phyllis Schlafly) saying it undermined tradit. family values, it would lead to public bathrooms that werent gender segregated, and would put women in combat situations which they werent meant for.
Roe v. Wade - abortion - Texas state law made abortion criminal and is struck down (womens privacy) but theres nothing in the constitution claiming a right to privacy. it was manufactured in the Griswold v. Conneticut case in which a conneticut state law criminalized using contraceptives and was struck down because according to the court the ammendments together create a protection of privacy.. so in roe v. wade it was made legal to choose during the 1st trimester whether you want the baby or not. - will make the exam based on this right to privacy thing says mr. g.
Watergate - Nixon is suspicious/paranoid by nature and as pres. he creates a secret intelligency unit to harass/keep tabs on citizens who nixon distrusts.
Summer of 1971 - Daniel Ellsberg - works for DOD as a civillian analyst working on how we got into the Vietnam War - becomes dissatisfied with the war and gives his report to newspapers (it was classified) Gov. tells newspaper to stop printing it, which they dont. Nixon goes to Sup. Court and ask them to make them stop printing these "pentagon papers". Nixon tries to discredit Ellsberg by using his secret intell. unit, now called "the plumbers" to burglarize his psychiatrist.
Election of '72 approches. Plumbers begin working for an committee to reelect the president (CREEP) - which raises some money illegally (campaign laws)
campaigns are unusual for this election
George Wallace - Amer. Indep. Party (segregationist) gets shot/crippled when he decides to run again.
Ed Muskie - choses someone as VP who is found out to be under the care of a psychiatrist and so is decided to be too unstable to be pres. during this time (expecially with nuclear threat)
Dem. - George McGovern - antiwar, high taxes on wealthy, minimum income for everyone, pardon draft dodgers, decriminalize pot, cuts in defense spending - not a serious threat to nixon, ends up getting few votes.
Rep. - Nixon - wins in a landslide.
June 1972 small team linked to both CREEP and the white house is arrested for breaking into Dem. offices in Watergate hotel, Nixon launches coverup: $ to burglers to be quiet and take thier sentence. to make sure the FBI didnt investigate, the CIA tells the FBI that it was related to foreign powers.. CIA jurisdiction.
Nixon wins the election but even his own Justice Dept. is distrustful. senate convenes an investigation. Just. Dept. finds evidence that suggests links to White House officials
burglers put on trial - 1 breaks silence / in senate hearings John Dean (lawyer for Nixon) testifys that he was involved in the coverup and that he has tape recorders. everyone wants the tapes. to include Judge Sirica - presiding over burgler trials and Archibald Cox - special independent prosecutor. Nixon claims executive privelage and wont give up the tapes.
VP Spiro Agnew resigns b/c evidence surfaces that he was corrupt as Gov. of MD. thanks to a new ammendment, the pres. can appoint a VP so Nixon appoints Gerald Ford.
by the summer of 1974 Nixon wants to fire Archibald Cox. he asks Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire him which he doesnt so nixon fires Elliot and asks his replacement to fire Archibald which he dosnt and so nixon fires him.. so on and so on. These firings become known as the Saturday Night Massacre. The public finds out and protests. Nixon eventually finds someone who will fire Archibald (Leon Peowarski). In response to public outcry nixon says he'll give up edited transcripts of the tapes. but theyre so edited, noone is satisfied. Nixon finally says he'll only give up the tapes is the S.Court orders him to. The court finds against Nixon in the case U.S. vs. Nixon, saying executive privelage cannot be used to deflect criminal activities.
Meanwhile. the House of Representatives was drafting Articles of Impeachment. late in July the 3 charges were voted on and Nixon decides to resign. This makes Gerald Ford the president (the first to take office who wasnt elected.)
other sidenotes that arent important.. the tv company had an insider talking to Nixon who was codenamed Deep Throat. gottchalk said the trials were all over the news..
tommorow we were going to start with a clip showing nixon squirming

Notes - 4/9/09

-Pardon
Ford granted Nixon an unconditional presidential pardon allowing him to escape punishment while several members of his administration were convicted of criminal activity.

Chapter 31
Ford inherited stagflation. He focused on rising prices rather than on increasing unemployment. He called his program "Whip inflation now" (win). He offered a one year income tax surcharge and cuts in federal spending as solutions to inflation, prices defied the predictions of economic wisdom and prices rose. Rising prices were accompanied by a sharp recession. Both prices and unemployment continued to rise. Ford and the democratic controlled congress could not agree on how to deal with stagflation. Ford had vetoed 39 spending bills. He eventually went along with a program that had a tax cut and much more. In foreign policy, Ford steered the US through its final involvement in Vietnam. Ford began by assuring south Vietnam that the US would support them. When North Vietnam's army moved rapidly through the south in 1975 congress refused to re-introduce US military power. In April 1975, communists drove American backed government in Cambodia out of power. In May 1975 elements of Cambodian Khmer Rouge boarded a US merchant ship, the najaguez, and seized its crew. Ford ordered a rescue mission for the crew and bombing strikes against Cambodia. The crew was rescued.

In November 1976 Jimmy Carter was elected president. Increasing number of people living in central cities could find only low paying, short term jobs with no fringe benefits. Many people had no jobs. This was because of tax cuts and increased spending on public works projects. Another reason was the federal reserve board permitted the money supply to grow. Increased price inflation was another reason. International oi prices triggered a series of gas and home heating fuel. Carter also promised a significant change in foreign policy. On his first day, he extended an amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers. He announced that a concern for human right would be at the center of his foreign policy naming him "The Human Rights President". He screwed up by choosing zbignew Brzezinski and Cyrus Vance as secretary of state. One of carters first concerns was to relinquish ownership of the US built Panama Canal to Panama. Despite strong opposition carter negotiated a treaty with Panama. The canal passed to Panama in 2000. Carters greatest foreign policy success was in bringing the leaders of Egypt and Israel to cam David, MD where they made the framework for reaching a middle east peace treaty after years of wars in exchange for huge guarantees of financial assistance. In 1977 carter sent a proposal to change the public welfare system to congress. his proposal died in congress. Carter pushed harder on energy. Without asking congress, carter went on national TV and announced a complicated energy proposal that included more than one hundred international provisions. Among them were, decreased US reliance on foreign oil and gas, expanded domestic energy production through new tax incentives and deregulation of natural gas production. Congress rejected the plan, and carter had no great success with economic policy. He inherited stagflation. He pledged to lower unemployment and inflation to stimulate economic growths and to balance federal budget, instead be 1980 the economy stopped expanding. The economic difficulties spread. Meanwhile, Carter dumped on on Taiwan and established diplomatic ties with communist China. Carters Humans rights were applied inconsistently. The Somoza government in Nicaragua fell to the Anti-American because carter withdrew support from the government. Carters policies reached a new loan in Iran. Shah rezu Pahlavi faced pressure for allowing too much westernization of Iran. The Muslim church led opposition. Shah was overthrown in in 1979. In November 1979 a group of Iranians overran the US embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage and demanded the return of the shah in exchange for hostages. The hostage situation was interrupted by the Soviet Union invading Afghanistan in December 1979. Carter halted grain sales to the Soviet union hurting American farmers. He pulled US out of Olympics in Moscow in 1980. He withdrew a new strategic arms limitation treaty (salt II) from the senate ratification process. As the 1980 election heated up, carter authorized a military rescue of the American hostages in Tehran.

Monday, APRIL 06, 2009

1960s counter culture
-very few people embraced
-Media gave hippies more press than it may have deserved
-they rejected traditional ideas of style and sexuality
-media focused on drugs-marijuana and LSD, communal living arrangements, and folk-rock music
Middle Class consumers
-Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane popular bands along with Rolling Stones and Beatles
-movies- The Graduate, Bonnie and Clyde, Easy Rider, Wild in the Streets
-controversy grew as the downsides of counterculture became known
-a 1967 march on pentagon crystallized controversy
Civil rights movement changes
-goes from civil rights to black power
-Martin Luther King, Jr’s nonviolent approach lost its appeal with young blacks
Black Power
-white conservatives called for strong commitment to law and order
-social activists called for government intervention
-1965 Watts riots in LA-34 dead and hundreds of businesses and homes destroyed
Malcom X
-black power movement
-different approach than MLK-integration unworkable
-called for renewed pride in cultural heritage
-once a member of Elijah Muhammed's Nation of Islam
-established Organization of Afro-American Unity
-assassinated in 1965 by members of Nation of Islam
young people carried on
-embraced black identity
-“black power” replaced “freedom now”
-black is beautiful
-stokely carmichael, head of SNCC in 1966 and members of Black Panthers criticized MLK's SCLC for going too slow
1968
-civil rights act of 1968 passed Congress against background of changing movement
1. extended guarantees of bill of rights to american indians
2. addressed racial discrimination in housing through fair housing act
3. declared it a crime to travel from one state to another to incite a riot
-Tet offensive in Jan 1968 shakes americans-National Liberation Front(vietcong) joined N. vietnamese forces in series of coordinated surprise attacks throughout s. vietnam.
-a military defeat for north, Tet was serious psychological defeat for U.S.
-Pres. Johnson announced not running for reelection. This was unheard of.
-MLK assassinated and brought about violence
-Robert Kennedy assassinated on night of victory in CA Democratice Primary elections
-Democrat national nominating convention in chicago disrupted by anti-Vietnam protests and subsequent police violence
-George wallace, segregationist gov. of Alabama created American Independent Party and ran for President
-Picked up 46 electoral votes from deep south which severely hurt the democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey

Tuesday, April 07, 2009

Period 1- Tuesday, April 7 Notes

• Changing United States Role in Vietnam

-Militarily, the TET offensive was a defeat for North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front, however suffered heavily with casualties and no significant territorial gains

-Was also a serious psychological defeat for the US

-Americans began arguing that the Vietnamese should take on more of the burden

• Johnson decides not to run for president/ Nixon goes for Vietnamization

-Vietnamization- Nixons policy to withdraw US from Vietnam (take troops out but still help), it in turn put more effort to South Vietnam

-Nixon wins the election of 1968 because of his promise of the Vietnamization policy

• Nixon Doctrine

-July 1969- Nixon Doctrine pledged US support of anit-communist governments in Asia, but would leave it to them to provide their own military forces

• New Military Offensives

-At the same time as Vietnamizations, Nixon and Kissinger accelerated both ground and air war in South Vietnam by launching new offensives

-April 1970- US forces drove into Cambodia to destroy NLF and North Vietnam supply depots

-Cambodia was ostensibly a nuetral country (but North Vietnam had hospitals, etc in Cambodia)

-US set off more demonstrations at home--> police kill 2 students at Jackson State COllege in Mississippi; National Guard Troops (not well trained in crowd control) accidentally fire on students at Kent State killing 4

-American public learned US tropps massacred 200-300 woman and children in a hamlet named My Lai

• Secret Bombings

-US bombardments in S Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were largely secret

-Spring 1972-North Vietnam offensive approach near South Vietnam capital Saigon

-Nixon responded by resuming bombing of North Vietnam and bombing Haiphong Harbor (thus outside supplies to N Vietnam were blocked)

-Christmas 1972-heaviet bombardment in history occured at North Vietnam

• Vietnamization

-Jan 1973- N Vietnam and US signed peace accords in Paris in which US withdraw

-S Vietnam troops were weakened and tried to hang on but by 1975 spring, fell to N Vietnam army

-Vietnam was unified under a communist government

• Economic Problems 1970s

-Johnson tried to carry on war in Vietnam without cutting great society programs, and left Nixon with a deteriorating trade balance and rising inflation

-Nixon hoped to check inflation by reducing government expenditures but disagreeement with congress resulted on spending for domestic programs increasing

-Stagflation resulted- a rare case in which both unemployment and inflation were rising (usually when unemployment increases, inflation decreases)

• Wage and Price Freeze

-1971- US ran trade deficit (purchase); Nixon tried to fight back with a new economic policy that mandated a 90 day freeze on any increases in wages or prices, to be followed by close government monitoring

• Warren Supreme Court

-Earl Warren issued number of important decisions related to citizen individual rights

-Miranda V. Arizona--> a man was arrested and confessed to a crime, but was not told that he had the right to remain silent

• Consumer Safety and environment

-Ralph Nader wrote "Unsafe at Any Speed" which brought up the idea of seat belts

-Carson wrote "Silent Spring" which discussed the idea that the birds were going silent due to carcinogen pesticides that were poisonous

-There was raised concerns about work place safety, consumer safety, and a healthy environment

-Led to passage of Occupational Safety Act of 1973

• National Organization for Woman (NOW)

-NOW backed an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution

-The proposed ERA passed congress and was send to states for ratification

-In the ratification process, ERA became controversial and does not get ratified

-Conservative anti-ERA group led by Phyllis Schlafly protested to stop ERA because it would undermine traditional family values which placed men at the head of the households

Tuesday, April 7th

Changing U.S. role in Vietnam

• TET offensive deafeat for North and NLF but suffered heavily in casualities and no territorial gains
• serious psychological defeat for the U.S.
• Americans argued Vietnamese should take on more of a burden

1968- Nixon wins election- round forces began to be withdrawn from Vietnam policy called Vietnamization
-Nixon Doctrine- July 1969- pledged that U.S. would provide military assistance to anti-communist governments in Asia but would leave them to provide own military forces
- new military offensives- Nixon & Kissinger accelerated both ground and air war by launching new offensives in South Vietnam
-in 1970 US forces drove into Cambodia to destroy North Vietnamese & NLF supply depots
-Cambodia was ostensibly a neutral country
-set off more demonstrations at home-

• two students at Jackson State killed
• National Guard troops fired on Kent State, killing four students
• US troops massacred 200 women and children in a hamlet named My Lai

-Secret Bombings:

• US air bombardments in South Vietname, Cambodia, and Laos, largely secret
• spring 1972 North Vietnam offensive approached with 30 miles of capitol of South Vietnam, Saigon
• Nixon responded by resuming bombing of North Vietnam and by mining Haiphong Harbor
• Over Christmas 1972, heaviest bombardment in history occurred in North Vietnam

-Vietnamization: Nixon proceeded with full-scale vietnamization, Jan 1973 North Vietnam and US signed peace accords in Paris stipulation withdrawl of US Troops- South Vietnam tried to hang on but by spring 1975 were weakened by US withdrawl and fell to North Vietnamese army and Vietnam was unified under a communist government

-Economic problems of 1970s: Johnson had tried to carry on war with vietnam without cutting great society programs- left Nixon with deteriorating trade balance and rising inflation
-Stagflation- rare economic situation where unemployment increased as well as inflation

5th Period 4/6/09

1960s counter culture
-small number of people embraced complete counter culture. Media gave hippies more press than it may have deserved
-they rejected traditional ideas of style and sexuality
-media focused on drugs-marijuana and LSD, communal living arrangements, and folk rock music
Middle Class consumers
-picked up on movement, Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane popular bands along with Rolling Stones and Beatles
-movies- The Graduate, Bonnie and Clyde, Easy Rider, Wild in the Streets
-controversy grew as the downsides became known
-a 1967 march on pentagon crystallized controversy
Civil rights movement changes
-goes from civil rights to black power
-MLK's nonviolent approach lost its appeal with young blacks
Black Power
-white conservatives called for strong commitment to law and order
-social activists called for government intervention
-1965 Watts riots in LA, 34 dead and hundreds of businesses and homes destroyed
Malcom X
-black power movement. was different from MLK
-integration unworkable
-called for renewed pride in cultural heritage
-once a member of Elizah Muhammed's Nation of Islam but he established own Organization of Afro-American Unity
-assassinated in 1965 by members of Nation of Islam
young people carried on
-embraced identity black
-black power replaced freedom now
-black is beautiful
-stokely charmichael, head of SNCC in 1966 and members of Black Panthers criticized King's SCLC for going too slow
1968
-civil rights act of 1968 passed Congress against background of changing movement
1. extended guarantees of bill of rights to american indians
2. addressed racial discrimination in housing through fair housing act
3. declared it a crime to travel from one state to another to incite a riot
-TET offensive in Jan 1968 shakes americans
-National Liberation Front(vietcong) joined N. vietnam forces in series of coordinated surprise attacks throughout s. vietnam.
-a military defeat for north, TET was serious psychological defeat for U.S.
-Pres. Johnson announced not running for reelection-unheard of
-MLK assassinated and brought about violence
-Robert Kennedy assassinated on night of victory in CA Democratice Primary elections
-Democrat national nominating convention in chicago disrupted by anti-Vietnam protests followed by police violence
-George wallace, segregationist gov. of Alabama ran as President as leader of American Independent Party
-Picked up 46 electoral votes from deep south which severely hurt the democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey

For Friday, April 03, 2009:

No school tomorrow due to a teacher workday!
So besides the fact that this means report cards are coming quite soon, enjoy your day off! :D

-Natalie I

Thursday's Notes

I. Economic Oppertunity Act of 1964

-provided:

• loans for rural and small buisness developments
• a work studies program for college students
• for the creation of additionally federally funded social programs to be planned in cooperation with local community groups

-Johnson got an enormously important Civil Rights package passed in Civil Rights Act of 1964

• set up Equal Employment Oppertunity Commission
• strengthened federal remedies for fighting job discrimination
  
• ended legal segregation; prohibited racial discrimination in public accomodations connected with interstate commerce like hotels and restaurants
• Title VI barred discrimination based on gender also

II. Freedom Summer
-In the summer of 1964, civil rights activists tried to help African Americans register to vote in Mississippi(this called Freedom Summer)

• 6 civil rights workers were killed for trying to help

III. Election Year
-1964 was presidential election year
-Johnson ran against Republican Barry Goldwater

• Goldwater's campaign created the image of a radical right and extremist
  
• Johnson won election easily

IV. The Great Society
-Johnson built on his early successes by announcing Great Society in his first days in office
Some programs are still here:

• Medicare, Medicaid, etc.

V. Voting Rights Act of 1965
-law mandated federal oversight of elections in the South

• federal marshals authorized to oversee voter registration drives
• result was that African Americans got registered and voted

VI. Other Great Society Programs
-Many other programs were part of the Great Society

• Model Cities Program
• rent supplements to low income families
• food stamps
• head Start
• legal services program
• Community Action Program

VII. End of Great Society
-Great Society became controversial when economic problems hit the US. Congress and the United States did not have enough money to do Great Society and the Vietnam War

I. Vietnam
-Resident Johnson fell pressured to uphold Kennedy's pledge to fight communism. He saw no alternative than to fight Vietnam; did not want to be seen as a president who was "soft" on communism
-when USS Maddox was fired on by North Vietnam torpedo boats and was threatened by an another attack few days later

• Johnson got Congress to authorize Tonkin Gulf Resolution which justified fighting back, which in turn, justified fighting the war

II. Escalation
-Following election in 1964, Johnson escalated the war in face of South Vietnam incompetence and government instability

• started a sustained aerial bombardment on North Viet. called Rolling Thunder

• gave South economic aid

1. More Escalation
   

• North rejected proposed peace plan
• Ho Chi Minh stepped up affairs
• more US troops sent and employed "search and destroy" tactics
• US warplanes began to bomb South Vietnam heavily as well

I. Students for a Democratic Society
-1960's college students led way to a new interest in political thinking. Wanted to reject ideas of their parents (middle-class traditions, morals, and lifestyle & post WWII welfare state policies)

• on the political right was the Young Americans for Freedom
• on the political left was Students for Democratic Society

1. The SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)

• SDS endorsed the cause of ending racial discrimination, founding the Port Huron Manifesto which pledged to the above statement (ending racial discrimination) and pledged to attack the "lonliness, estrangment, and isolation" of post-war society
  

wednesday April 1, 2009
- October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis U-2 spy planes from the U.S. took photos of missile sites under construction.

• Kennedy demanded that the soviets dismantle the missile sites & turn back supply ships heading for cuba w/ more missile equipment
• JFK publicly that the US wouldnt allow nuclear weapons to be installed that close to the US

-Kennedy settled on quarantine of Cuba - not a naval blockade

• soviet ships came with in very close range of US ships

however soviets turned around and agreed to dismantle missiles and missile sites in Cuba

• US ended the quarantine & pledged not to invade Cuba.
• one end result was the greater realization of how dangerous direct US - USSR confrontation
• JFK secretly assured Kruschev that US would withdrawal missiles form turkey

Vietnam

Jfk and his advisors revised massive retaliation

--- Jfk said we cant just go bomb vietnam when they provoke us

-Instead he wanted a variety of methods to deal with it known as Flexible Response

JFK sent advisory groups

1. the green berets to train the south vietnamese police force
2. MSU students also helped wwith the struggling economy

but when conditions didnt improve - Diem was ousted in a coup that ended in his murder

Kennedy and CIvil Rights

- kennedy had slim majority of loyals in congress

- FBI began tracking MLK jr. because of possible links to communist party

• African Americans become impatient & take the matters "sitting down"

-1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina black college students staged a sit-in in a public resteraunt demanding service

Freedom Rides

-- 1961, white and black activists from (CORE) and the (SNCC) as well began to board interstate buses to protest segregation on the buses and in the terminals

• it was greeted w/ violence
• ppl. were hauled off the buses- some buses were torched---- some hauled off and beaten
• JFK sent federal troops to help the freedom riders

Nov. 1962, JFK issues an order to eliminate racial discrimination in financial housing businesses

-- Birmingham Police

• used fire hoses and police dogs to break up protesters

--JFK however called for nat'l commitment to end discrimination

• called for ban on discrimination in all public facilities& housing & guaranteeing the vote to millions of blacks
• 1963 MLK jr. led march on washington w/ 200,000 ppl. right behind him

-- marchers were there to encourage congress to pass JFK's laws ( MLK jr. makes his " i have a dream speech

• JFK also supported the elimination of gender discrimination

But in Nov. 1963, JFK is assassinated in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswalt-- oswalt was later shot by Jack Ruby before he could testify

Lyndon B. Johnson and Chapter 29

-LBJ urged passing of JFK's civil rights legislation

-1964 LBJ declares " war on poverty"

Blog from Last Thursday

SORRY this is late i got my days mixed up and just found this in my book it's from last thursday maybe the thursday before:

COLD WAR

-Potsdam Conference:
Truman learns of the successful testing of the atomic bomb and casually lets Stalin know.
Conference issues a demand for Japan to surrender or be destroyed

-Baruch Plan
Truman has Bernard Baruch propose inernational control of nuclear weapons to the United Nations
Plan calls for: Full disclosure by all members of nuclear research and materials, creations of international authority to ensure concurrence, destructions of all US nuclear weapons as a last step.
Soviets do not agree and said US destroy all nuclear weapons, US refused since the Soviets also had a program

-Containment
Friction builds
Truman abruptly suspended lend-lease to Soviet Union in Sept. 1945 to pressure them into holding elections in Poland
US also linked extension of US rec. loans to its goal of rolling back Soviet Union power in East Europe This didn't work and tightened grip
Sphere of defensive influence called it communist expansion in Eastern Europe
March 1947 Truman announced Truman Doctrine in response to spread of communism:
-asked congress to provide aid to Greece and Turkey
-declared the fate of "free peoples" everywhere hung in the balance
-the US should aid countries who are resisting anti-govt acttion otherwise US security would be endangered
-Congress passed his request for 400 million$ in Greece and Turkey (military aid mostly)

US security police became known as containment
Came from a foreign affairs journal under "Mr. X" by a dept official named George Kennan (argued Soviets were naturally expansionist but if firmly confronted they will back down)
Containment became a global anticommunist policy which the US followed until the fall of the Soviet Union in 191
Linked all leftist insurgencies to a totalifarian movement controlled from Moscow that threatened the US
Nine days after proclaiming the Truman Doctrine the president issued an executive order 9835 which called for: a system of loyalty boarders authorized to determine if reasonable grounds

It is known that the CPUSA was getting money from the me Soviet Union and they were spying
Once the messages had been intercepted (Venona Files) show that the SU had been successful from the US govt agencies (Office of War Info and Office if Strategic Services)
Moscow was obtaining even info on the Us atomic weapons program (Few translators and many interceted messsages few people knew about)



Dakota Kuca