notes for december 18
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln's Plan:
-quick reconciliation
-south wasn't secede, no need for it to be readmitted to the union.
-Lincoln's 10% plan meant that when 10% of the voters in senate in 1860 took an oath of allegiance and received presidential pardon, the state could reconstitute its government and be restored, which was the easy way.
Johnson's Plan
-Like Lincoln, he tried to go without congress support.
-he wanted quick restoration, but he still wanted to punish the southerners
-he pardoned all the southerners except the highest ranked government officials, senior military officers, and ex-confederates with more the $20,000.
-10% of white men who received pardon and took oath could vote on new state constitution.
Wade-Davis Bill
-congress got into action
-required 50% of voters to take the oath of allegiance
-stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln.
-showed congress' concern that Lincoln's 10% plan could return the planter aristocracy and possibly lead to re-enslavement of blacks.
President Johnson
-recognized Lincoln's 10% government upon becoming president.
-overtime, began issuing pardons to ex-confederates, restoring property and voting rights.
-watched southerners elect hundreds of ex-confederates to state offices and congress
-states passed Black Codes to keep slaves near slavery
--they couldn't serve in juries.
--they were denied voting privileges
--they couldn't testify in court
--interracial marriage was banned
--unemployed blacks were declared "vagrants" and hired out to planters.
Land and Labor problems
-south agricultural economy in shambles
-no more black slaves
--some worked the land for wages or shares of crops
--many refused to work for former owners
free people on the move
-many signed on at farms
-others moved to town in hopes of getting jobs
-some went in search of their relatives
-and others were just wanderers
The Freedman's bureau
-crated by congress to oversee relations between former slaves and owners
-supervised free-labor wages contracts between landowners and freed people
-issued food by rations
-system of "sharecropping: evolved with a black family working a specific piece of land in return for a share of the crop farmed on it
-biggest succession in education
--trained black teachers
--taught reading and writing
--black colleges found
Congressional reconstruction
-congress really wanted to control reconstruction
-refused to admit representatives and senators elected by former confederate states under Johnson's reconstruction policy
-congress passed two laws to protect money and civil rights of freed people
--1. extend life of the freedman's bureau and extend its power
--2. define freed people as citizens with equal rights and give federal courts power to enforce rights
-Johnson rejected both
-congress overrode Johnson and passed laws
14th amendment
-specialized committee to draft 14th amendment
--designed to encourage southern states to allow blacks to vote
--defined native born/naturalized persons, including blacks as citizens
--prohibited states from denying anyone's rights.
--states could enfranchise black males or lose seats and electoral votes in congress
--disqualified large number of ex-confederates from holding federal state office.
--guaranteed national debt, repudiated confederate debts
--empowered congress to enforce 14th amendment with legislation
-President Johnson urged south states to not ratify 14th amendment
--only Tennessee ratified it.
Reconstruction act of 1867/military reconstruction act
-over Johnson's veto, congress enacted 2 laws prescribing new procedures for admitting former confederate states (minus Tennessee).
-reconstruction act of 1867
--divided 10 southern states into 5 military districts
--directed army officers to register voters
--enfranchised males 21 and older, including blacks
--disfranchised ex-confederates disqualified from holding office under 14th amendment (which wasn't ratified yet)
--required states to adopt new constitution, guaranteed equal civil and political rights regardless of race, to ratify 14th amendment.
President Johnson tried everything he could to block reconstruction.
Impeachment
-ten former confederate states write new constitutions
--granted male suffrage
--mandate state wide public schools
7 states ratify constitution and elect new legislatures that ratify 14th amendment
the remaining 3 states complete reconstruction
15th amendment
-prohibit states from denying right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
-applied to former border states as well as north and south
-didn't give women right to vote
--caused Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to oppose 15th amendment and to form American Equal rights association
Lincoln's Plan:
-quick reconciliation
-south wasn't secede, no need for it to be readmitted to the union.
-Lincoln's 10% plan meant that when 10% of the voters in senate in 1860 took an oath of allegiance and received presidential pardon, the state could reconstitute its government and be restored, which was the easy way.
Johnson's Plan
-Like Lincoln, he tried to go without congress support.
-he wanted quick restoration, but he still wanted to punish the southerners
-he pardoned all the southerners except the highest ranked government officials, senior military officers, and ex-confederates with more the $20,000.
-10% of white men who received pardon and took oath could vote on new state constitution.
Wade-Davis Bill
-congress got into action
-required 50% of voters to take the oath of allegiance
-stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln.
-showed congress' concern that Lincoln's 10% plan could return the planter aristocracy and possibly lead to re-enslavement of blacks.
President Johnson
-recognized Lincoln's 10% government upon becoming president.
-overtime, began issuing pardons to ex-confederates, restoring property and voting rights.
-watched southerners elect hundreds of ex-confederates to state offices and congress
-states passed Black Codes to keep slaves near slavery
--they couldn't serve in juries.
--they were denied voting privileges
--they couldn't testify in court
--interracial marriage was banned
--unemployed blacks were declared "vagrants" and hired out to planters.
Land and Labor problems
-south agricultural economy in shambles
-no more black slaves
--some worked the land for wages or shares of crops
--many refused to work for former owners
free people on the move
-many signed on at farms
-others moved to town in hopes of getting jobs
-some went in search of their relatives
-and others were just wanderers
The Freedman's bureau
-crated by congress to oversee relations between former slaves and owners
-supervised free-labor wages contracts between landowners and freed people
-issued food by rations
-system of "sharecropping: evolved with a black family working a specific piece of land in return for a share of the crop farmed on it
-biggest succession in education
--trained black teachers
--taught reading and writing
--black colleges found
Congressional reconstruction
-congress really wanted to control reconstruction
-refused to admit representatives and senators elected by former confederate states under Johnson's reconstruction policy
-congress passed two laws to protect money and civil rights of freed people
--1. extend life of the freedman's bureau and extend its power
--2. define freed people as citizens with equal rights and give federal courts power to enforce rights
-Johnson rejected both
-congress overrode Johnson and passed laws
14th amendment
-specialized committee to draft 14th amendment
--designed to encourage southern states to allow blacks to vote
--defined native born/naturalized persons, including blacks as citizens
--prohibited states from denying anyone's rights.
--states could enfranchise black males or lose seats and electoral votes in congress
--disqualified large number of ex-confederates from holding federal state office.
--guaranteed national debt, repudiated confederate debts
--empowered congress to enforce 14th amendment with legislation
-President Johnson urged south states to not ratify 14th amendment
--only Tennessee ratified it.
Reconstruction act of 1867/military reconstruction act
-over Johnson's veto, congress enacted 2 laws prescribing new procedures for admitting former confederate states (minus Tennessee).
-reconstruction act of 1867
--divided 10 southern states into 5 military districts
--directed army officers to register voters
--enfranchised males 21 and older, including blacks
--disfranchised ex-confederates disqualified from holding office under 14th amendment (which wasn't ratified yet)
--required states to adopt new constitution, guaranteed equal civil and political rights regardless of race, to ratify 14th amendment.
President Johnson tried everything he could to block reconstruction.
Impeachment
-ten former confederate states write new constitutions
--granted male suffrage
--mandate state wide public schools
7 states ratify constitution and elect new legislatures that ratify 14th amendment
the remaining 3 states complete reconstruction
15th amendment
-prohibit states from denying right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
-applied to former border states as well as north and south
-didn't give women right to vote
--caused Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to oppose 15th amendment and to form American Equal rights association
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