Notes from 11/25/08 Covering pgs. 473-481

The Compromise of 1850

-Slavery Issue forced Congress hand in 1849-1850
--California and New Mexico were major issues, Southerners demanded stronger fugitive slave law after the Supreme Court ruled in Prigg vs. Pennsylvania of 1842, that states weren't obligated to enforce the return of runaway slaves.
--Anti-slavery Northerners wanted an end to the slave trade in the District of Colombia.
--Texas and New Mexico feuding over boundary.

-Henry Clay thought he could mastermind another compromise and in January of 1850 he presented 8 proposals to the Senate.

-The first 6 paired offering concessions to the North and South.
1) Admit California as a free state. No restrictions on slavery in the rest of cession.
2) Settle boundary dispute in favor of New Mexico, compensate Texas financially.
3) Abolish slave trade in District of Colombia. Guarentee continuation of slavery in D. C. unless Maryland and Virginia agree to abolish it.

Last 2 Proposals:
4) Congress have no jurisdiction over interstate slave trade.
5) A new, strong, national fugitive slave law.

-Clay lumped proposals into 1 bill and many Congressman disliked parts so it was defeated.

Leadership passed to Stephen Douglas from Illinois.
--Broke bill apart and gained a majority.
--Both Calhoun and President Taylor die.

-Compromise of 1850
--Call admitted as free state.
--Rest of the cession - New Mexico and Utah - organized without restrictions on slavery.
--Settle Texas and New Mexico border issue in favor of New Mexico and Texas compensated with $10 million.
--Abolish slave trade in District of Colombia and guaranteed slavery there.
--New fugitive law.

-Compromise of 1850 - a package of individual laws supported by different Congressional majorities.

-Results somewhat unexpected:
--California began to vote with the South on most issues.
--Utah and New Mexico legalized slavery but Daniel Webster argued and few slaves were actually brought there.
--Fugitive slave law created major heart burn and discontent.

-South had reason to complain.
--When slave-catchers kidnapped free slaves, Northern states responded with anti-kidnapping laws that gave fugitive slaves trial by jury.

-Prigg vs. Pennsylvania ruled that enforcing the Constitution's fugitive slave law was a federal responsibility, not a state duty. Northern states passed personal liberty laws prohibiting use of state courts, jails, police, or sheriffs to recapture slaves.

-(pg. 476) Strict to the point that Abolitionists vowed to resist it.
--Slave catchers who went North were met by violence.
--Violence turned many Northerners who had not abolitionists against slavery.
--North's failure to enforce new fugutive slave act was a souther grievance in the 1850s and a cause of southern secession in 1861.

-Uncle Tom's Cabin -> pg. 478-479
--Know success, story line, Souther reaction.

-Filibustering -> pg. 478-479
*Notice U. S. interest in Cuba, particularly the Ostend Manifesto.
--Essentially a letter made public in which American ambassadors to Britain, France, and Spain declared if Spain wouldn't sell Cuba, U. S. should just go take it.
--Public reaction was loud uproar which caused Pierce administration to repudiate document.
--Interest in Cuba as future slavery territory was real.

-pg. 480-481 -> William Walker in Nicaragua.


=)

Tuesday, November 18th

Today we watched a video on the American past from 1800 to 1860. It summed up chapters 9-12 for our test on Wednesday.

November 21, 2008

Hey everybody! Today Mr. G was AWESOME and put our notes for the day on the overhead. So without further adue...

MANIFEST DESTINY - the idea that it was God's will that the United States has the whole of the North American continent.

Issue of the Spread of Slavery
- arose w/annexation of Texas
- Mexico independent from Spain in 1821
8000 Mexicans lived in CA or Rio Grande valley of New Mexico
- 1830 - Mexico wants to attract Americans to settle in Rio Grande valley
American immigrants had to...
1. respect Mexican law
2. become Roman Catholics
3. become Mexican citizens
- Americans came but remained Protestant US citizens; also brought slaves (against Mexican law)
- Mexico passes law forbidding further US immigration (but Americans ingored it)
-March of 1836 - Texans (Mexicans and Americans) declared Texas a republic independent of Mexico
- Mexico fights Texas
Gen. Santa Anna captures Alamo in San Antonio and kills all 187 defenders
Mexicans massacre another 300 Texans at Goliad
Texans won at San Jacinto and captured Santa Anna - signed treaty recognizeing Texas independence
Mexico reneged and pressured Texas - Texas petitions for annexation by US
- neither Jackson nor Van Buren made any move to annex Texas
they didn't want war with Mexico, didn't want to stir up Northerners and spread slavery
- Britain encourages TX to remain independent (still want cotton...)
- Pres. Harrison dies in office; VP Tyler becomes President
Tyler breaks with whig party
Tyler in favor of annexing TX, and Sec. of State Calhoun begins negotiating with Texas
Calhoun released letter to press that made clear TX was desired simply to protect slavery
THIS UPSETS THE NORTH, annexation delayed...becomes an election issue!
Henry Clay (Whig) and Van Buren (dem. candidate) = AGAINST annexation
Dem. nominee James Polk = FAVORS annexation and aquisition of Oregon (he was big on manifest destiny)
***POLK WINS THE DEM. NOMINATION AND THE ELECTION OF 1844
- Tyler submits joint resolution of annexation to Congress (passes in March of 1845; Texas agreed)
Texas enters as slave state in December 1845
28th state - Senate = 15 slave states; 13 free states

If you guys didn't get a chance to last night, don't miss the AMAZING fall play tonight and tomorrow night! It starts at 7:00 and tickets cost $5...it's a great show!

Olivia

November 20th, 2008

Today Mr. Gottschalk class took a timed writing essay assignment.
Choice 1: 2 party system from 1820 - 1840, with the subjects of major political personalities, states' rights, and economic issues.

Choice 2: Women's roles..........

(I didn't choose #2 so I don't recall it very well, sorry.)

November 19,2008

Today in class took the chapter 9-12 test. TOMMOROW we have a TIMED WRITE. Study all your chapter 9-12 notes.

Video Notes

Today in class, we watched a video that basically summarized the chapters we learned. It did cover things that Gottschalk did not talk about.

More Notes:

• Women were treated very unfairly.
• Women and African Americans struggled to be included and could not vote.

Temperance Movements

• Rum and whiskey were drunk in large amounts
• Many wives were beginning to be abused due to their husbands being too drunk
• These women then formed terperance groups with churches

Women during this period

• Could NOT vote >=(
• they had no voice in any form of government
• Western women were among the first to receive the right to vote
• Black women had the fewest rights of everyone
• The first time women came together to discuss their rights was held in Seneca Falls

Utopian Societies

• Robert Owen came to the US to set up a Untopia in Indiana.
• It did not last long; shakers built up Utopians in New Lebanon in to the Mid West
• Some of their rules included: no sex, money,drugs, and private property
• Thoreau was one of the transcendentalists and he though that individual could disobey unjust laws.

Tomorrow we have a test on chapters 9-12

=(

BE SURE TO STUDY HARDDD!

Video Notes

We watched a video in class. It covered almost everything Mr. G talked about in class. There were a few things the video did cover that Mr. G did not.

Extra Notes:

• women felt as if they were the white slaves of the North
• women, black, and poor men struggled to be included
• industries destroyed nature
• growing numbers of people in cities (urbanization)
• in the cities there was a lot of poverty and children in the streets
• one had to own property to vote which excluded women, blacks, and the poor

Demon Rum/Temperance Movement

• rum and whiskey considered healthy
• drank by everyone in large amounts
• drunkenness connected to domestic violence
• church leaders told members to stop drinking
• many churches formed temperance groups which were joined by women who spoke out, although the men thought other wises

Votes for Women

• could not vote
• no voice in government
• no right to property or kids
• West-women worked beside men (among the first to win the right to vote)
• South-men ruled and the women did not challenge the system
• North-created the home (good morals and virtues)
• Black women-defined in separate category and had the fewest rights of everyone
• There was a Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls; This was the first time women gathered to discus their rights

Mentally Ill/Orphanages/Prisons

• The mentally ill were treated bad; lived in cages, closets,and pens and were naked in chains; the environment was smelly, damp and unclean
• sanitation increase and education opportunities increased as well in all places
• exercise replaced small rooms

Utopian Societies

• people lived communally apart from society to perfect themselves where they shared everything
• Robert Owen came to the US to set up a Utopia in Indiana but it didn't last very long
• shakers built Utopians in New Lebanon into the Mid West; their rules were no sex. money, drugs, and private property
• Transcendentalist were big on Utopians; Thoreau was one and believed in going to nature to fins ones soul and to connect with God and he believed in individualism; he thought the individual could disobey unjust laws

DON'T FORGET WE HAVE A TEST TOMORROW!!!!

Notes from 11/17

*the postal campaign was a group of abolitionists sending pamphlets and other materials into the south and to congress against slavery.
-they were radical people and wanted immediate emancipation.
*the censorship law included the states pulling pieces of mail out and not delivering it. Andrew Jackson does not care that much.
*the gag rule was put into effect from 1836-1844 where they did not discuss abolition at all.
*The Bank War
- bank of U.S. was exercising central control over monetary and credit systems.
-had bank of U.S. keeping state bank lending in check.
-the bank was doing a good job
- Jackson was opposed to all banks and was bitter about losing money. He openly questioned the banks constitutionality even though the issue had already gone to the supreme court. He sees it as a concentration of wealth.
*1832 Presidential Election
- henry clay and daniel webster convince the President of the bank( Biddle) to ask congress to pass the law renewing charter of bank even though it didn't expire until 1836. They think it will embarrass him.
- but Jackson vetoes it and wins the re-election.
-Jackson makes pet banks which really hurts the national bank.
*1836 Deposit Act wants to spread the wealth around more and have it not so centralized.
*Species Circular
-executive order of 1836
-speculators could buy large pieces of land from gov't but had to pay with hard gold or silver, not bank loans.
-not a lot of money for them to do that so they stop buying which shuts down a major source of income for the nat'l government.
*1836 Presidential Election Martin van Buren comes into office
-soon after the economy collapses
-Panic of 1837 followed by a depression
-price of cotton drops by one half.
-many blamed Jackson even though he was out of office.
*Rise of the Whig Party
-they win their first presidency in 1840.
- they blame panic and depression on Jackson.
*Jacksonian Democrats blame it on speculation and paper money from the banks.
-whigs call on congress to establish a new national bank.
*President Van Buren gets government out of banking
-creates the Independent treasury where the government keeps all its money, not in state banks.
*1840 William Henry Harrison is first Whig President.
-wealthy southerner, had a low key campaign that came to be known as "Log Cabin Campaign"
-gets 2-party system back

Monday, November 17, 2008

November 17, 2008- Period 1 Notes

Jacksons Kitchen Cabinet

• an "informal" group of journalists that Jackson consulted with
• Jackson didnt rely or trust his "formal"cabinet, so created his Kitchen Cabinet

Abolitionist Postal Campaign

• a group of abolitionists that sent petitions to congress about antislavery
• 1830s, a radical minority of the protestant society wanted immediate abolition
• many found these antislavery movements hostile and annoying
• President Jackson wanted to stop these antislavery campaigns, so he passed the Censorship Law
• Callahan (southerner) did not support Jackson; he argued that states had the right to censor rights
• the postal system was federal
• Jackson allowed the post masters to break the federal postal system by letting them pull any antislavery mail out
• 1836-1844: the Gag rule was put into effect; it made any petitions talking about antislavery totally ignored

Bank War

• Jackson did not like banks; it made him uncomfortable that the US was economically dependent on bank notes
• the Second Bank of the United States tried to excercise central control of the US
• Government funds included several state bank notes from different banks that could be redeemed for species (hard money: gold or silver); this policy tended to keep lending in check
• the Second Bank of the United States began issueing its own bank notes, and supporters of the bank hope these bank notes would become national
• however, Americans were divided over the value of the bank
• Jackson heavily opposed the banks because he lost money in the 1819 depression, and questioned whether the bank was constitutional; he viewed the bank as a source of wealth and power
• the bank is constitutional according the the court case McCulloh Vs Maryland
• Clay and Webster planned a scheme to embarass Jackson; they were convinced that if they told congress that the bank needed to be renewed in 1832 (even though it didnt need to be renewed until 1836), congress and Jackson would renew it and he would look like a fool
• however, Jackson vetoes the recharter bill and said that the bank was unconstitutional, dangers, a monster, and that it threatened American rights
• 1832, Jackson wins elections and sets out to kill the bank
• Jackson deposits federal bank money in "pet manks" or selected state banks; Jackson still doesnt trust these banks either
• Deposit Act (1836) put federal funds in additional banks; this limited banks to making their own state notes
• Jackson created the Species Circular in 1836 that said speculators and investors could buy large amount of land if they pay in gold or silver (small amounts of land could still be bought through bank notes)

Panic of 1837

• Van Buren becomes president in 1836
• economy is crumbling
• Whigs blame the panic and depression on Jackson and his species circular
• 1836-Whigs make gains during the nonelection years
• democrats blame the depression on Whigs paper money and on the speculators
• 1836-Whigs demand a new bank
• Van Buren seperates the government from the bank and sets up an Independent Treasury that holds money; passed in 1840
• 1840-William Henry Harrison- (Whig, military officer, and indian fighter) becomes president; Log Cabin campaign-> made him look like he was a not well off westerner
• Harrison reestablished the 2 party system

Events from Bank Veto to Panic

• 1832: Jackson vetoes the bank recharter bill and removed the US Treasury funds of the Bank of the United States
• 1834: Paper money was scarce, species were unattainable, demand for credit increased
• 1835-1836: State banks begin to offer easy credit because of large gold and silver reserves, new money flows into land speculation, and land prices increase
• 1836: Jackson issues species circular; land rush comes to a halt and sales decrease; speculatores are stuck; banks dont make enough money off reclaimed land to convert their losses; commodity prices drop, but people are scared and try to withdraw savings in species; bank runs out of species

The Whig Party

• oppsed Jackson
• Clays National Republican PArty=anti Jackson
• others did not like Jackson handling national finances
• extreme states rightists did not like JAcksons stand on nullification
• some disliked Jacksons anti-intellectual and anti-scientific stance
• these seperate groups came together as Whigs; have no strong leader; only united on their strong dislike of Jackson

11/14/08 notes--1st period

• As Latin American countries were gaining independence from Spain, European powers wanted to take over these weak countries. The Monroe Doctrine, proposed by the Secretary of State, stated that if European powers would stay out of the western hemisphere, then the U.S. would stay out of their affairs.
• Spoils system- the system in which the president rewards his supporters who helped him win the election with government jobs. President Jackson was the first one to use the spoils system--he believed that people only had to be somewhat intelligent to fill these government jobts.

-The spoils system is controversial. Some people think it is a good idea to rotate people in the government and get fresh ideas while others think it is better to leave the more experienced people on the job.

• During Jackson's presidency, the Indians in the southwest are still living on old, ancestral lands that the white Americans want. Treaties stated that the Indians owned this land, but the land-hungry whites opposed government policies that helped the Indians.
• State's rights southerners (southerners who wanted the state to have more power than the federal government) said that the government didn't have the constitutional power to support the Indians.
• Georgia is most opposed to the federal government policy. The Cherokee Indians living in Georgia declare themselves as an independent republic because they wrote their own constitution and spoke their own language.
• Georgia passes a state law that declares that any laws passed by the Cherokees have no effect.
  
• President Jackson agrees that the government does not have the authority to recognize the Indians as sovereign in a state. He offers to move the Indians west of the Mississippi for the whites.
• The Cherokees don't like this so they take the issue to the Supreme Court in 1830. The case is called Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia, and it rules that the Cherokees could not sue Georgia because they are not a sovereign people.
• In the case Worcester vs. Georgia(1830), the supreme court said that Georgia did not have the authority to enforce state laws over the Cherokees.
• President Jackson doesn't agree with the court decision and announces that he will not use federal resources to enforce it.
• In 1838, Jackson's successor Martin van Buren creates the Indian Removal Act, and the army escorts the Indians to present day Oklahoma
• Many Indians die on this painful journey--it is known as the Trail of Tears

• The Nullification Controversy of 1830- in 1828, congress writes a new tariff law intended to help Jackson get reelected. This is the highest protective tariff ever levied in the country. The south opposed it because they import many materials from Europe, such as shoes. They even began to call it the Tariff of Abomination.
• South Carolina leads in opposition to the Tariff of 1828. The southerners were worried about the Missouri Compromise and slavery--they opposed emancipation. They also feel politically isolated and like they are losing power.
• John Calhoon (Jackson's Vice President) from South Carolina argues that southern states needed to be able to nullify laws. He also argues that the union was an agreement between sovereign states and that states would decide whether or not a federal law applies to them.
• Jackson disagrees with this--he considers nullification an act of treason, which is punishable by hanging.
• Jackson asks congress to reduce tarriff rates and they do
• the Tariff of 1832 lowers the tariff of 1828, but it is not as low as the south wants it. This offends Jackson because he is trying to make the southerners happy.
• Jackson goes to Congress and passes the Force Bill.
• The Compromise Tariff od 1833 lowers the tariff even more
• South Carolina and Jackson finally come to an agreement, causing them to avoid war
  

Class blog for 11/14/08 period 5 by Corinne McCormick

We took notes all class period:

-Monroe Doctrine- secretary of state sent out a state of the union address to Europe- stay out of the Americas, no colonies, if the country was to stay out of Americas, U.S. will stay out of European affairs (long standing policy)

-Spoil System- winner of the President of the United States is free to appoint people with government jobs

-Jackson was the first to take this approach, said that common men could obtain government positions, Jackson fills jobs with loyal democrats

-Some argued it was fair and good to have new people holding these government positions, however some thought it was unfair to hire someone with no prior experience

-When Jackson was in office- Indians in the south live on Tribal lands, Americans want more land

-By this time federal gov't would help Indians, many southerners did not agree with this

-States Right South Southerners- more power to the state, federal gov't didn't have the power to help Indians

-resistance was centered in Georgia

-Cherokee tried to demonstrate that they were an- independent republic- with in Georgia, end up writing a formal constitution

- Georgia State Legislature declares all Cherokee law null

-Jackson agrees with Georgia's Legislature, states that there is no way he can protect the Cherokee people, offers to have Indians relocated west, some Indians agree, while others feel it is a bad idea

-Decide to create the Indian Removal Act in which gov't moves Indians west across Mississippi River

-1830- Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia- Indians could not bring suit against Georgia because they were not considered a sovereign group of people

-1832- Worcester vs. Georgia- Supreme Court finds Georgia's claims unconstitutional

-Jackson was unhappy with court's decision, there was no way he would use federal assets to support their decision

-Jackson does nothing do stop Georgians from invading Indian land

-1838- Jackson's successor Martin Van Buren- carries out the Removal Act- 18,000 Indians were moved west, 4,000 Indians died along the way because they were not fed well and it was the middle of the winter, was known as "The Trail of Tears"

Nullification- most gov't power should reside with the states, states should be in control of internal affairs, if gov't passes a law, state did not have to agree with and state could nullify law with in their own state borders

1828- Tariff designed to help Jackson with re-election, pleased North and West, but hurt the South, was a very high tax on all imported goods, South referred to it as the "Tariff of Abomination" because Europe also raised their taxed on imports such as U.S. cotton, even goods that the South would buy from the North cost much more

- Southerners in general (especially South Carolina) worried about Missouri Compromise, could congress pass a law ending slavery all together?, didn't like gradual emancipation, saw factories in the East making much more money

-South begins to feel politically isolated

-Vice President- John C. Calhoon- argued that southern states needed to be able to nullify with in their states boundaries

- Jackson became furious, said that if South Carolina nullifies any laws that it is an act of treason and the persecutor will be hanged

- South takes it seriously, yet Jackson wanted to reduce tariff

-1832- tariff- lower tax rate on imports

-South is still upset- South Carolina formally nullifies every importation tariff

-Jackson asked congress to allow him to take a federal army in South Carolina (force bill), but he also asked to lower tariff again (compromise tariff)

-1833-Jackson signs both the Compromise Tariff and the Force Bill

-South Carolina ended up nullifying their nullification laws

By: Corinne McCormick :]

November 13, 2008

The West 1804-1830

• in 1804 jefferson sent lewis and clark to explore the louisiana purchase and collect animals and food
• they navigated the upper mississippi river, crossed the rockies to the snake river and followed on to oregon
• soon settlers moved to missouri territory in the louisiana purchase

Argument over Missouri

• in 1819 slaveholding missouri applied to be a state
• first state out of l. territory
• raised the issue of the spread of slavery to new territories
• also south gaining an unproportional amount of power in congress
• congressman tallmage (NY) proposed 2 ammendments
• they were to bar additional slaves for missouri and emancipate slaves born after statehood at their 25th birthday
• north controlled house of representatives while the south controlled the senate
• 2 ammendments passed in the house but not in the senate so it didnt become a law
• missouri compromise (1820)
• addmitted MO as a slave state
• also admitted new free state Maine
• outlawed slavery in LP north of 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude (southern border of MO)
• aging jefferson was distraught because of this "like a fire bell in the night"
• knew the issue of the spread of slavery would not go away and it would divide the public

The Panic of 1819

• european agriculture was again productive reducing the demand for american farm products
• world supply of gold was limited and american bankers (state banks) covered shortage bu issuing banknotes (paper money) for loans and bills of exchange
• the bank of the united states gets involved too as western branch offices got caught up in speculative lending
• it began insisting that banknotes from state banks that came to the bank of the united states had to be redeemed in gold/silver to save itself
• this helped the bank of the US but forced state banks to demand payment from their own borrowers
• national money and credit system collapsed
• turned into a depresssion
• employers went out of business and hundreds of thousands of wage earners lost their jobs
• americans blamed the bank of the united states and gave it the nickname "the monster"

The Election of 1824

• featured four candidates running all as jeffersonian democrats but all running as regional candidates
• andrew jackson (tennessee)
• john quincy adams (massachusetts)
• william crawford (deep south)
• henry clay(westerner/speaker of the house)
• jackson won the popular vote but the electoral votes weren't majority so it went to the house of rep. as required by the constitution
• in accordance with the 12th ammendment the house of rep would choose from top 3 electoral vote getters
• clay was out, crawford had a dibilitating stroke
• alledgedly clay went to jackson and adams offering to swing the house vote in exchange to become secretary of state
• jackson turned him down;adams accepted
• house of rep chooses adams and clay becomes secretary of state
• result is known as "corrupt bargain"
• jackson was upset and plotted his revenge

Notes on Ch. 11 for Nov. 12

• Once again, the time frame is the 1820s to the 1840s, and even some parts into the 1860s.
• The Whigs, in case you've been sleeping in class, are one of the two parties; these are the ones who benefited from the Market Revolution, and wanted a bank established, and also wanted to think more about moral issue.
• One of the most effected ideas that was questioned was races, and gender differences.
• Most Whites, pre- Civil War, were taught to believe that there were natural differences based on gender.
• Most pre-Civil war whites, convinced that there were differences in race as well, and knowledge was being presented that blacks were a different species from American whites.
  
• Whites believed in exercising power over others; while they due this, religion, such as Protestant religion, begins to question these beliefs.
  
• (1804) Every Northern state has taken an stand against slavery, a gradual emancipation.
  ( the slow moving movement towards free slaves.)
• In the 1820s, there were only a handful of slaves in the North. Free blacks moved into the cities, and take up stable, but low paying jobs.
  
• From 1820-on, a growing number of whites wage workers begin to edge blacks out of their jobs. African Americans are almost eliminated from the trade.
• Slaves also lose their jobs on ships, on the docks, and also in the warehouses, by whites who were moving to cities from the countryside.
• Legal discrimination against blacks begins to increase, with 1.) the arrival of Irish immigrants due to the famine. 2.) and also because of the economic depression 1830s.
• Moves to lower the eligibility to vote for white male men raises.
• African Americans are forced to build their own institutions.
• The issue of race begins to work its way into politics, with the Whigs and Democrats.
• In the 1820s, racism is also brought into political agenda.( Very Negative)
• Educated people are being taught to think on racist terms.
  
• Democrats welcome the scientific findings being taught of blacks being a different species.
• Whigs support blacks right to vote. Not much mixing of races anywhere.
• Before 1830s, only Quakers viewed the acts as morally wrong, as well as a couple religious groups, (Methodists, Presbyterians, etc.)
• This comes to the founding of The American Colonization Society, founded in 1816.
• Proposal of voulentary gradual emancipation is proposed.
  
• Solution: Free African Americans, but the ship them back to Africa.
  
• Few thousands leave and go to Liberia in Africa.
• Southerners were against this, due to the losing of their labor workers, AND slaves didn't want to leave, due to their birth in America, and not knowing anything about how they live over in Africa.
• Several countries in Latin America are freeing their slaves when Spain leaves LA.
• Britain also free their slaves in Barbados, Jamaica, etc.
• Religious revivals encourage more thinking of aberration
  
• William Lloyd Garrison -from the North; White man, who publishes newspaper called The Liberator, which tells of how people in society need to see that Slavery is WRONG, how it is a sin, and demands the immediate emancipation, not gradually.
• The American Anti-Slavery Society(1843) founded by Garrison, takes up his beliefs and views, and demands Civil Rights to free blacks
• They begin a movement called the Postal Campaign.
• They mail pamphlets to everyone, especially to Congressmen. They also send sign petitions to them, which infuriates them more.
• Congress passes The Gag Rule, which states that any petition talking about freedom from slaves, and all petitions will be ignored, due to all wanting to forget all the groups.
• Educated women aren't comfortable with jobs, and also begin a movement.
• Due to all the happenings, women begin to think maybe women's rights were not truly put together rightfully.
• Women have a convention called The Women's Rights Convention (1848), in Seneca Falls, NY where they spoke out against slavery, and for women's rights.
• Expanded into a moral reform
• And also, because of this, more and more women protested against prostitution.

We will pick this up tomorrow. Remember test on Monday!

November 12, 2008 Notes

Racist Split: North vs South

• Southern schools taught that whites were superior to blacks
• Northern Whigs began to question racial barriers
• A split grew between hardcore Christians and the lighter protestants grew over treatment of race
• By 1804 every state had taken some gradual form of emancipation towards slaves
• By 1830 there were scarce numbers of slaves in the north
• northern free blacks tended to move to the cities and take on stable, low paying jobs such as a dockworker or some form of simple mastery
• Into the early 1830's emancipated blacks began to lose out of those jobs to whites
• A certain level of discrimination could be attributed to an economic depression in the late 1820's
• More and more blacks began to lose the right to vote
• Segregated schools took over, so blacks built several small schools of their own
• Racism worked its way to the political parties *whigs and democrats*
  Democrats were predominantly racist
• By the 1820's schools incorporated racism into their curriculum, using "scientific facts" to prove that whites and blacks are different species and they were unfit to be citizens in the U.S.
• Whigs opposed racism and supported black suffrage
• Before 1830, only Quakers and a few methodists and baptists thought of slavery to be a moral issue

• The only organized opposition to slavery before 1831 was the American Colonization Society founded in 1816

-they proposed gradual, compensated (to the slave owner), emancipation
-they wanted to send the slaves to Liberia in Africa which was largely opposed by southern plantation owners
-many blacks did not like the proposal in the first place because they did not want to leave America

• Other countries in Latin America began to free their slaves
• In 1830 Britain ended slavery in the Caribbean islands
• The 1820's-1830's introduced the abolitionist groups which fought for black rights
• William Lloyd Garrison published the Liberator an abolitionist paper which condemned slavery and demanded immediate emancipation for blacks
• Garrison helped to form the American Anti Slavery Society which demanded full rights for blacks
• In 1835 the Society began a postal campaign that called on congress for emancipation and to abolish slave trade
• Congress got really annoyed with them so they came together with southern democrats and whigs to pass the Gag Rule saying the abolitionist letters would not be acknowledged and they would not discuss slavery
• All the slave movements springing up influenced several women's movements to arise
• The women in the abolitionist movement said they deserved the same rights
• A women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY was the sight of where they signed the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions that said all men AND women were created eqal
  

Notes for 11-10-08

Differences Between The Whigs And The Democrats

Whigs

• Thought the government could be used to boost moral and discipline
• Focused on government fixing temperance, public education, and prostitution
• Favored state level government within schools
• Believed in having deviance in prisons and liked rehabilitation
• Favored government participation in all actions

Democrats

• Favored local government control within schools
• Thought rehabilitation was extra money and believed in a simple imprisonment
• Didn't support government participation in all actions
• Didn't want the government to step in on the issue of temperance, but instead naturally cut back themselves

In 1825, the state governments build schools, also known as "common" schools. Both parties believed in the establishment of these schools. In 1840, Catholic Irish immigrants traveled to the U.S. and views within the political parties changed. The immigrants found Protestant prayers a harassy and complained. Nativism is a term that refers to an anti-immigrant attitude or politics of that manner.

The Temperance Crusade happened when Northern Evangelicals founded the north Temperance Society. Limon Beacher lead the crusade that gained strength. The annual consumption went down in the 1830s by about 50%. In the mid-1830s, the Whigs took temperance as a political and government issue. Massachusetts went with the Whigs and passed the 15 Gallon Law in 1838. The law passed, but Democratic voters resent the law in 1839. They didn't believe temperance should be a government issue.

Notes from 11/10/08

Chapter 11, ctd.
Politics and the Reform Movement, 1820s-1840s

Whig political views:

• Wanted to make a morally progressive republic; the government would help the people become better individuals
• Supported the national bank, and its ability to provide credit and loans
• Believed there was a connection between moral progress and the market economy; supported state-sponsored internal improvements
• Supported a government-run reform movement, which included ending prostitution, promoting temperance, improving public education, insane asylums, and penetentaries (prisons).
• Both Whigs and Democrats agreed that the gov't should build a system of tax-supported schools -- Horace Mann of MA was most famous reformer of public education
• Favored state-level centralization of schools
• Wanted to place "deviants" (criminals) in rehabilitating institutions; Auburn System proposed putting prisoners to work to reform their spirit and work ethic.
• Proposed the prohibition of alcohol at the height of the Temperance movement

Democrat political views:

• Viewed the gov't and the market economy with suspicion
• Corporate charters, banks, and bonds for internal improvements only benefited the upper class
• Wanted a limited gov't without special interest interference
• Favored local centralization of schools (below the state level)
• Believed rehabilitation of criminals and other "wrongdoers" was too costly; favored simple imprisonment.
• Did not support government intervention in the Reform Movement, including the Temperance Movement; however, they did not support drunkenness, either...

Southerners:

• (both Whigs and Democrats) felt any moral intervention by the government would threaten their traditional way of life.
• supported schools that were local based, had a limited academic curriculum with an evangelical emphasis, and a short school year.
• resisted government reform because of their Bible-based beliefs that all humans are imperfect

- "nativism" refers to anti-immigrant politics that emerged in the 1840s as the first Irish and Germans began emigrating to America.

- Dorothea Dix pushed for reform of the treatment of the insane. Visited asylums across the nation; wanted safe, nurturing environments for those who were mentally ill. By 1860, 28 of the 33 states had state-run asylums.

-The Temperance Movement officially began in 1826 with the founding of the American Temperance Society in Boston by northern reformist evangelicals.

-Temperance was supported by influential preachers, such as Lyman Beecher and Charles Finney, who believed that total abstinence is the only way one could achieve a full religious conversion. As a result, alcohol consumption decreased by 50% in the 1830s.

Notes from 11/7/08

Chapter 11

1820s-1840s

-> 1812-1820 -- Essentially one political party, Jeffersonians.

-> Two party system -- Jeffersonian Democrats and Whigs.

-> Whigs -- Wealthiest men in city, Protestant/Christian, North and West Whigs wanted government to get involved and change country into market society.

-> 1820s & 1840s -- burst of reforms

-> Whigs into temperance movement (moderation of alcohol abuse).

-> Whigs supported government schools.

-> Democrats -- farmers and less well-off people.

-> Irish immigrate into United States and bring Catholicism.

-> Irish = Democrats

-> Arrival of Irish pushes a number of protestants to become Whigs.

-> A lot of church members were against Whig beliefs.

-> People changing to Whig parties put strains on their "wealthy" view.

-> Democrats ran strong in Yeoman farms.

-> Whigs strongest in plantation countries.

-> Whigs attract lawyers and successful craftsmen to cities.

-> Other religious groups didn't really have much to do with politics.

-> South -- Whigs had stake in market economy.

-> Whigs wanted to use market and economy for a prosperous republic.

-> Democrats go as far as wanting banks demolished.

Chapter 11 Notes for November 7th

chapter 11 deals with politics between 1820 and 1840.

In the north...

The Wigs

• The two political parties after Jefferson's term were the Wigs and the Jeffersonians.
• The Wigs were the more wealthy off people who made profit during the market revolution.
• The Wigs were Protestant Christians.
• The Wigs called the government to be more involved in moral issues.
• The Wigs wanted to control alcohol consumption of the people by using temperance rather than to ban it all together.
• Wigs were also in favor of Bible based public schools. This wasn't much of a problem because majority of the people were Christian.

Jeffersonians

• The Jeffersonians (democrats) came from the people who gained little from the market revolution.
• They had no use of the moral agenda.
• The largest group of the Democrats were a group of immigrants from Ireland, who were catholics.
• There were many social clashes within this party.
• The arrival of the Irish, who were poor and took low paying jobs, pushed the poor protestants to The Wigs party.
• Hal of Methodists, Baptists, and reforms churches did not like mixing government and moral behavior.

In the South...

• Democrats are the strongest within the Yeoman farmers.
• Democrats didn't have much linkage to the market economy.
• The Wigs are still the wealthy farmers, lawyers, etc.
• In the south, the wigs are promising government sponsored internal improvements. But some people of the Wig party didn't want to pay.

Overall political side differences had very little to do with religion. There was mixed religion and politics.

Today in class we played a game that consisted of our vocabulary words.

11/3/08

-bloodsports became popular aswell as dogfighting, cockfighting, and bareknuckled boxing which ended when one opponent could not fight any longer.
-theatre's growing popularity with British actors.
-enthusiastic audience however rather aggressive.
-working class preferred entertainment were some novels (dime novels)
-minsteal shows (performers acted like slaves)
-very racist yet popular in the north (1840-1880)
-entertainment differennce between North and South/ city and rural:
cities had more to offer
-northern middle class developed a cosmopolitain culture.
the South distrusted outsiders and defended neighborhoods
-drinking, wrestling, hunting, and dancing were popular and very inexpensive.
-they told stories, participated in religious revival camps, barn raisings, hunting, fishing, corn-husking, and helping out in the harvest.
-birthday parties were also a big event.
-books were more available in the north.
-commercial entertainment in the South was centered around showboats which brought entertainment and theatre with it.
-New Orleans was known for its horse racing.
North and South had different views of God and Death.
Southern Church peoples think it was God's will that they died or God's punishment.
-Northern people had more sentimental views.
-deaths meant triumphs and there were more elaborate cemetaries.

notes 10/31

Sorry it’s late….. from Friday 10/31

Northern Yankee Middle Class:
New kinds of property owners created by the market revolution
Made up of master craftsmen (factory owners), farmers who worked w/ market, and merchants
Most had family roots in New England
First commercialized farms
First factories
Develop cultural forms that become the core of the emerging business class.
Stand behind independence
Maternal home life
Strong Protestants (newer churches)
Adopt church morals
Reaffirming religious beliefs
Original sin
Divine providence
Sunday church (but ignore beliefs the rest of the week)
Millenium-they believe they make the world perfect for 1000 yrs
Protestant minister: Charles Finney
God made man a moral free state
People will make the world better
Choose right over wrong
Only choose right after religious conversion
Life in 1820’s
Clear distinction between home and public life
Public world was the place where men went (politics/business)
Women exercise new morals in house
Mothers replace fathers as child raiser
Feminized domestic life
Technology
Improvements in printing, and distributing products
Books
Explosion in popular literature
Bibles
Etiquette books
Cook books
Novels (for women)
Housekeeping manuals
Novels: Scarlet letter, Moby Dick, Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1820-1830
Educated Americans want art in homes
Want American art and lit.
Leading artists paint landscapes
Landscape painters combine “Hudson River School of art”
Name of the collection of their art.
Wealthy Americans begin to travel the country
Niagara Falls-very popular
Northern Plain Folk:
More then middle class
Subsistence farmers, settlers who moved to Northwest, small farmers (hill country), people who looked for opportunities in cities
Had cultural connections to South
Between 1820-1830-
Irish go to cities
Germans go buy a farm
Germans bring beer
Not a lot of trust in prof. ministers society organization
Believe in Providence- Life is God’s plan, not to much you can do
Didn’t talk much about the millennium
God’s wrath then 1000 yrs of perfection
As a society, they had been bypassed or hurt by market revolution
Ex: journymen
Have doubts about the new economy
Worry about father’s loss of status/authority
Try to maintain paternal status in home