Blog For Wensday 17,2008

Yesterday in class we took chapters 13-16 Test.

Blog for Wednesday 12/17/08

Sorry for posting this late guys,

yesterday in class we took a DBQ Timed write.

If you were not here to take it be sure to bring your documents with you to write it.

Today in class we took our Chapter 13-17 test. Prepare for the timed- write/DBQ.

December 15, 2008

Today in class we finished the presentations for the Photographic Digital History Project.

We also received the DBQ packets for our timed writing on Wednesday December 17, 2008

In addition, Mr. G gave us our Winter Break assignment that is due when we return to school on January 5, 2009. There will be a quiz covering chapters 17-19 on January 7, 2009.

***Tomorrrow in class we have our test on Chapters 13-16. Dont forget to study!!

Good Luck everyone!!! :)

Chapter 16 Civil War Issues cont. and the start of Chapter 17

Notes from Wednesday December 10th

The draft riots in the North and the bread riots in the South showed that there were great gaps between classes. Many got bad for example many women set building ablaze overthe riots.

• The wealthy were heavily taxed and the Southern planter class and the northern middle class were overrepresented
• NW nonslaveholding congress favor northern values

The Homestead Act granted a farmer 160 acres of land for basically nothing after he lived on the land for 5 years and made improvements on it.

The Morvill land grant college act gave each state thousands of acres to make new colleges to give agricultural and mechanical educations

The pacific railroad act granted land and loans to railroad companines to start the building of a transcontinental railroad. from Omaha to Sacramento

POW Camps and the exchange controversy

• The conditions in the north and south were both very bad
• it would of been easier to just exchange the POWs it would of stopped the use of black soldiers in the north
• 16% of union soldiers in the south died in captivity
• 12% of confederate soldiers in the north died in captivity
• Andersonville in the South was the most infamous POW camp but both sides had bad condidtions

Election of 1864

• Lincoln wins his second election
• during his second inaugural address he says that he was plannning on a quick return to normalcy and reconcilliation
• he basically wants to end the war and go back to how things were before the war
• The civil war ends
• Lincoln is assassinated in his box at the Ford's Theatere on April 14 1865 by Joh wilkes Booth

END OF CHAPTER 16

Test on Tuesday Dec. 16 and Timed Write on Wednesday Dec 17

CHAPTER 17 ( NOT ON THIS WEEKS TEST)

Presidential Reconstruction-healing the damage of the civil war and putting the country back together

Lincoln's Plan

• a quick reconstruction
• the southern states that didnt succeeded didnt need to be re-admitted
• 10% plan said that when 10% of the number of voters in a state took an oath or allegiance they recieved a presidential pardon that said the states could reconstitute the state's govt.
• the only problem with that plan was that the confederate leaders represented the states who were the ones who originally started the war

Johnson's Plan

• like lincoln he tried not to get congress involved
• wanted a quick reconstruction as well but he was more interested in punishing the southerners
• ready to pardon all the highest ranking confederate officials, senior mmilitary officers and the confederates w/ $20,000 or more
• when 10% of white men in the state had recieved amnesty and taken the oath could vote on a new state constution

Wade Davis Bill

• Congress decides to get involved
• requires that 50% of a states voters had to take the oath
• it gave stronger saveguards for former slaves
• it showed the consern that congress had that lincoln's 10% hand would lead to the re-enslavement of blacks
• it also showed that congress doesnt agree with the president and lincoln ends up veto-ing the bill anyway

After the assassination of lincoln president johnson honored some of lincoln's 10% plan when he started. over time he began issuing pardons to ex confederates giving them their property and voting rites back.

He sat and watched as southern voters elected ex-confeterates as state officaials and to congress

looked on as states passed laws know as a black codes which were designed to keep former slaves in near slavery.

Black Codes

• Blacks were excluded from juries
• denied the vote
• could not testify in court
• interracial marriages were banned
• unemplyed blacks declared "vagrants" and hired out to planters

Land labor problems

• Southern agricultural economy is in shambles
• blacks are slaves no more
• some however worked the land for small wages or shares of crops
• many slaves refuse to work for their former owners
• many were on the move and signed on to near by farms, or into the city, to go find relatives, or some just wandered
• It leads to the development of share cropping b/c there was not a lot of cash to py wages so they make a deal with the family comes and works on a set # of acres they get a place to live and work the land. when the time comes to selling it they split the money with the owners

The freedmens bureau created by congress to oversee relations between former slaves and owners. it supervised free labor wage contracts that free blacks were signing with teir landowners. they issued food rations.

thats it sry it was a few days late

-Allysa

December 12, 2008

Today, we continued to present our Photo Story projects to the rest of the class. All of them were very informative and well put together - great job everybody! Hope you all have a good weekend.

Thursday Dec. 11th

Today we just started our photo-project presentations in class. We will continue these tomorrow. Looking forward to seeing everyone's projects!

-Dakota

Today we began presenting our Photo Story projects. We got through three presentations in first period: one on slavery and two on war and diplomacy. We will continue to present the projects tomorrow.

Continuation of Civil war notes and Chapter 17 intro

-In the House Of Rep. during the civil war there were no representatives from the south, so the north took it in their hands to pass laws and acts favoring the north

• some were the Homestead Act- which granted farmers 160 acres for free if they lived on the land for five years
• also the, Merill land grant- college act- which put funding towards land which would later be for more agricultural and technichal colleges
• Pacific railroad Act- said that land and loans was granted to spur the building of railroads

-The conditions in the POW camps were retched .Also, the camps were so spread out and poorly taken care of that the north and south virtually never exchanged POW's.

• 16% of union soldiers died in southern POW camps
• 12% of confed. soldiers died in northern POW camps
• some known were Andersonville just outside of Atlnata was probably the most infamous POW camp in the south

-Lincoln goes for re-election and wins in 1864

- in his 2nd inaugural address lincoln urged reconciliation he said " malice toward non, charity for all"

-Early 1865 after the war lincoln gets back into his normal routine and his love for the theatre and is assassinated April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- Presidential Reconstrucition post-civil war while lincoln is alive

- he does this w/out congress' knowing just like johnson would later do

-lincoln said to make everything easier that the south never even seceded so that the states never had to be re-admitted again which took a long time

-if 10% of voters in the state took allegiance& received presidential pardon, also the state could be restored

-Johnson did the same thing except wanteed to get back at the south and punish them a little

• he also went after high ranking officials that made over $20,000$ a year

- congress sticks their foot in finally w/ the Wade- Davis bill- which said state voters must be 50% allegiant

-congress did this to prevent planter aristocracy and possible re-enslavement

Black Codes

• kept freed ppl. in near slavery
• denied voter rights
• also excluded form juries
• also testification in court
• and interracial marriage banned

Freedmans Bureau

• oversaw slave's relaations with boss
• issued food rations
• helped sharecropping evolve evenmore
• also taught reading and writing
• founded black colleges

Friday Dec 5 Notes

So sorry for the lateness of the of these notes but I totally could not figure out the website and Mr. G was out first period so I’m sure you’ll forgive me.

• The 1860’s
  
• Religions and politics split north and south
  
• Whigs collapse
  
• Democrats split north and south
  
• Republican’s were likely to win 1860 election due anti slavery supporters in the north
  
• Democrats in the south worry about loosing lots of political power to republic’s
  
• Southern democrats and moderates fear republican victory in the election, thus leading to the abolishment of slavery
  
• Lincoln wins 1860 election
  
• Deep Southern States secede
  
• South Carolina first to leave the union
  
• Land slide victory in vote to secede 160 to 0
  
• S. Carolina falls back on nullification
  
• South says states have the authority to rule themselves and thus back out of the union
  
• States to secede
  S Carolina
  Missouri
  Florida
  Alabama
  Georgia
  Louisiana
  Texas
  
• Upper Southern states hesitate to leave union
  
• People feel the South Carolinas secession was unconstitutional
  
• Pres. Buchanna does little to stop them from leaving the union because the election was already over
  
• Lincoln was not in office yet this means there was no action from the executive branch of Gov. on the matter.
  
• Congress in December tried to compromise, Crittenden Compromise
  Series of proposed amendments to guarantee slavery forever against government intervention
  
• Keep government from intervening in interstate slave trade
  
• Slave owners who lost slaves would be compensated
  
• Slavery would protected south of the 36 30 line
  
• Pro slavery approach
  
• Lincoln is stuck because his platform is to stop spread of slavery and to keep the union together which doesn’t seem to possible at this point
  
• Virginia proposed peace convention between slave states and federalist but no representatives from seceded states arrived so it was a failure
  
• Southern States that did secede formed Confederate States of America who drafted a constitution guaranteeing slavery
  
• Lincoln about to take office when South Carolina secedes and there was a crisis at Fort Sumter
  
• South sieged and captured fort when unarmed supply ship went to re-supply it
  
• South prints money leading to hyperinflation
  1861 inflation rises 12%per a month
  leads to sub standard living and poverty
  
• North raises taxes and war bonds to fund war

December 9 2008

After Ft. Sumner...
Lincoln called on the union states for a 75000 man militia. The free states filled in their quotas, while the eight slave states still in the union reject due to disinterest for war. As a result, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina all secceeded from the union and joined the Confederacy.

The Border States were the southern states who didn't join the confederacy already. Among those states were Delaware (firmly believed in the union), Maryland (divided), Kentucky (divided), and Missouri (divided).

When Virginia was ruling on secceeding from the union, delegates west of the Shonadoah valley were against it. When Virginia's abstience from the union became final, the western portion (Shonadoah valley) secceeded from Virginia creating what is known as West Virginia in 1863.

A Factual Sheet for both sides of the Civil War:

• North had twice as many people than south
• North's industral economy was stronger than the south
• South had better military leaders with vast amounts of experience
• Southerners were more proficient in hunting, riding and outdoor skills
• In order to win, the north would have to invade, conquer, and occupy most of the south as well as to cripple its ability and will to fight
• In order to win, the south had to survive long enough for the northerners to give up
• South was fighting on their own home turf
• North had a navy

When Lincoln was pledged into office, he promised to contain but not to abolish slavery. For support lincoln relied on a fragile coalition of Republicans. northern Democrats, and border state unionists. However, the democrats and the border state unionists announced that they would fight for the Union but for slavery. Other northerns insisted a war against slavery not for the moral purposes, but to hurt the southern economy by cutting off their working force. Many slaves from the south indeed came over to the union. These escaped slaves became known as contraband. In an attempt to control the situation congress in August of 1861 passed a Confiscation Act which issued that all property including slaves for confederate military purposes could be seized. Also in March 1862, congress forbade the return of slaves who entered union lines.

The border states were becoming a problem by refusing lincoln's offer for compensation to slaves that voluntarily abolished slavery. Lincoln became frusturated but didn't want the border states to fall into the confederacy.

Factors that convinced Lincoln to issue an Emacipation Proclomation:

• Pressure of border states
• Republican party calls for bolder action
• Congres passing a second confiscation act calling for seizure of property of confederates
• Rising sentiment in the army to fight for real
• Lincoln's personal distaste for slavery

Afer realizing the border states' resistance, Lincoln announced the Proclamation and declared it a military necessity essential for the preservation of the union. But he waits until he has a decisive military victory.

Turning Point Battles:

• Antietam- lets Lincoln issue the emancipation proclamation
• Gettysburg- south never regains the offensive
• Vicksburg-confederacy is cut and the north controls the entire the Mississippi River

Role of Women

• Civil War brought women into factory jobs as the men were off the war
• Women went into teaching and civil service
• Medicine- greatest impact
• Women were behind the formation of soldiers' aid associations, hospital societies, the women's central association for relief, and active nursing

African American soldiers

• Union commanders in in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Missouri began to organize black regiments in 1862
• Emancipation Proclamation legitimized this policy
• At first blacks were underpaid, couldn't go into combat, and under white officers, however congress became aware of this and enacted combat for blacks in June 1863 and equal pay in 1864

Unfortunately, Mr. Gottschalk was not in class today because he had to take his cat to the vet. Hope everything is going ok! We watched a video on the causes of the civil war that occupied most of the period. Tommorow we should be catching up on the note taking we missed today with the beginning of chapter 15.

Dec 4th

we took a quiz on chpts 13 and 14

December 8th, 2008

• Dicussed APAH project (due this thursday).
• Watched video on start up to Civil War
  
• 2 yrs prior Lincoln's term, US in turmoil; When gained office - US declining (1861)
• North and South spliting
• Confederate States of America began w/ South Carolina
• Civil War had teens vs. teens and family vs. family
  
  Industrial North
• South split from North
• North rise w/ trade gaining goods by railroads and canals; Increased industrialization
• 30,000 miles of railroads
• Multiple goods, interchangable parts, and cloths; Aided US market
  
  South
• Has tobacco, rice, cotton and other cash crops
• Plantation owners basically ruled South's economy and politics
• America thought slavery would die out but Eli Whitney made cotton gin
• Cotton went from expensive luxery to cheap + highly demanded good
• Cotton biggest income + used much land
  
  Slave South
• Slaves poorly dressed; Given about 2 sets of cloths per year + if becomes useless then go naked; Slept on cold floor
• Slave masters are considered "good" if they fully feed the slaves
• Fredrick Douglas: thought slavery on both ends dehumanizing; Escaped 1838; Fought slavery with reading + writing, kept from doing so as a child; Help with Underground Railroad, those slaves gained different jobs but kept individuality
  
  Slave Life + Revolt
• Blks practiced own versions Christianity
• Resisted slavery by revolting, breaking tools, escaping to be w/ Indians, and poisoned masters
• Nat Turner's revolt killed 61 whites but him + 16 followers executed
• White southerners enforced slavery more
  
  Aboloition Movement
• David Walker's Appeal called for slave revolt; Southerners requested $10,000 bounty on him
• New England Anti-Slavery Society and Liberator (strong newspaper) formed by William Henry Garrison
• John Brown + Fredrick Douglas + Sojourner Truth strong rebels
• Women helped slaves
• Cartoons made to ridicule slave owners
  
  Argument for Slavery
• South must have slaves for cotton
• South says North had ill-cared workers (poor working conditions) while South treats slaves better
• Believed need of many people on bottom so people on top appear more civilized
  
  Abraham Lincoln
• Thought slavery would blemish American Liberty; Southerners thought controlling blacks as liberty
• Constitution leftout slavery; Any decision left to each state and slaves can be labeled as property
  
• Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise helped US economy; More states however began becoming free states
• South made laws to recapture slaves, made Northerners appalled at long time neighbors dragged from homes
• Kansas and Nebraska Act 1854, gov't allowed states to make choice of free or slave state and repeals Missouri Compromise of 1820
• When going to work, congressmen brought weapons for protection
• Missouri refused dred Scott's trial, Missouri Compromise says no black slaves allowied in free states; Missouri Compromise declared as unconstitutional by Illinois
• Free soil, labor, men: ideas that made up Republicans
• 1859, John Brown and others sacked Harpers Ferry, VA so slaves could be armed to libeate themselves; Him and others executed
  
  House of Representatives Divides
• Lincoln won presidency but not on 10 Souther ballots; wanted states to keep most of their rights, except for slavery, but South "seceded" beginning with South Carolina
• Fort Sumter, held in South, with few men and low supplies lost to Confederates

December 4,2008

Today in class we took the chapters 13 and 14 quiz. Review your notes and continue to study!Prepare yourself for notetaking day tomorrow.

Notes for 12/3

Sectional Tension
-Panic of 1857 (Fall)
1. Grain sales to Europe slumped
2. High interest rates spread from Europe to U.S. and sucked up credit
3. B/C times had been good:
-Land prices had soared; railroads were overbuilt; banks had made too many risky loans
-Panic started as banks suspended species payments, businesses failed, railroads went bankrupt, construction stopped, factories shut downand hundreds of workers lost jobs
-Panic increased sectional hostility rather than uniting country
1. South largely escaped depression
-It's export driven economy avoided domestic downturn
2. South thought it had helped economy by selling $65 mill. worth of cotton
3. North though that southern votes for Law Tariff of 1857 caused depression
-After this, Dred Scott decision split country over repeal of Missouri Compromise and slavery and Lecompton Constitution further split U.S. and it's political parties- North and South
-Situation didn't improve when Southerner, Hinton Rowan Helper (non-slave holding white from upcountry NC), wrote anti-slavery book The Impending Crisis of the South
1. Book banned in South
2. North saw South as not being able to handle free speech

Freeport Doctrine
-During off year elections of 1858, Abe Lincoln and Stephen Douglas were running for same senate seat
1. 2 enganged in series of debates around IL
2. One of debates took place in Freeport
-There were 7 debates. In 1st, Lincoln said "A house divded against itself cannot stand...I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave half free...it will become all one thing or all the other."
-Douglas won re-election, but Abe won recognition/respect
-In Freeport, Lincoln tried to corner Douglas
1. Lincoln asked Douglas how he could reconcile Dred Scott decision which legalized slavery everywhere with Douglas' idea of popular sovereigntywhich would allow people of territory power to say no to slavery
2. Douglas said even though Supreme Court had legalized slavery, people of territory would reject it by not passing territorial laws necessary to support slavery
3. Douglas' answer = popular in North as way around Dred Scott decision but made southerners angry, especially after losing Kansas
-Although there was strong hostility to planter dominance of society and politics among people of mountains and upcountry, elsewhere non-slaver holders still supported slavery because kinship, economic interests, and race
-In Piedmont and low country, 1/2 of whites = non-slaveholders
1. Many of these had slave holding relatives
2. Some rented slaves
3. Because of slaves, non-slaveholding whites monopolized skilled, higher paying jobs
4. White supremacy = rule of day
-Southern legal code, politics, and society based on white supremacy
-Freeing slaves would change this so poor whites supported slavery because they didn't want this to change

John Brown
-John Brown, aka dude who slaughtered pro-slavery whites in Kansas, reappears in Harpers Ferry, VA
1. Brown tries to seize Federal Arsenal
2. He thinks that if he arms slaves, they will join him in growing force that will cause slavery to collapse
3. Brown moves on arsenal at Harpers Ferry, but few slaves join him
4. U.S. Marines commanded by Robert E. Lee capture Brown and few others
5. Brown and 6 followerers tried, convicted, and hanged
-Northerners consider Brown a martyr and they ring bells and fire gun salutes for him, and ministers preach about him
-Southerners = shocked and outrage; think Brown is a lunatic/monster
-U.S. = even more divided

The Lecompton Constitution

The Dred Scott Decision intensified the slavery controversy

1857- the pro-slavery legislature called for a constitutional convention at Lecompton

The convention wrote a constitution making Kansas a slave state

1. President Buchanon had promised a fair referendum on the constitution
2. To ensure a pro-slavery outcome, voters were given a choice between constitution with slavery or without slavery

• trick was that the constitution without slavery still allowed active slaveowners to keep their slaves and the the children of those slaves

Free voters boycotted the vote on the constitution

• 1/4 of the population approved the constitution with slavery

Meanwhile in a Fair election policed by federal troops, the anti-slavery party won control of the territorial legislature and promptly submitted both constitutions to a referendum that was boycotted by pro-slavery voters

• 70% of voters voted and rejected both constitutions

When Southerners threatened secession if Kansas was admitted as a free state, Buchanon caved in and recommended that congress admit Lecompton

Stephen Douglas was in a bind

• if he voted for Lecompton, Illinois would very likely not re-elect him and it was against his belief in popular soveirgnty

Douglas did break with the democratic President Buchanon

• when the dust settled in the senate, lecompton was defeated
• sent back to Kansas voters
• Kansas voters voted on it and rejected it
• Kansas was not admitted at all until 1861

Lecompton debate split the democratic party into the Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats. this all but ensured the election of 1960 to be won by a Republican.

THE ECONOMY

From the mid-1840's to the late 1850's economy grew on rails

• most of the new track was laid in the old Northwest and strenghtened the East-West links across the North
• transportation was changing from dependance on river travel (North-South) to an East-West canal and rail travel
• provided jobs in construction for the immigrants

During the 1850's industrial output in the free states west of Pennsylvania grew three times the pace of NorthEast and four times that of the South

• Chicago was the hub for 15 railroads
• Illinois became the home to the McCormick Reaper factory in Chicago and the John Deere plow factory in Moline

During this time the US became the 2nd leading industrial producer in the world

Eli Whitney development of mass production (started with rifles)was a major stimulus to industrial growth

Southern Views Of Slavery

Public Education had not caught on in the South but the Southern economy did well after 1845

• the price of slaves doubled between 1845 and 1855

A growing number of Southerners were aware that their economy was dependant on the export of agricultural products and the import of manufactured goods

Ships that carried cotton, warehouses, insurance companies were all owned by Northerners

These Southerners began to worry about gaining economic independance from the North but all they could do was worry because the North was growing faster than they could keep up

King Cotton asserted itself as cotton output and prices rose

• kept demand for slaves high
• Southerners argued that their slaves were better off than than the immigrant factory workers in the North
• certainly working conditions in the Northern factories were grim: long hours, low pay, unsafe factories, slum housing, overcrowding, disease, poverty, and desperate prostitution
• but they werent slaves and there was more opportunity for improvement up North

Sectional tension

The Panic of 1857 hit in the fall

• grain sales, to Europe, slumped
• high interest rates spread from Europe to US and dried up credit
• because times had been good

To be Continued when Mr Gottshalk's voice recovers...

Notes for December 1st

Kansas Nebraska Act

• 1853 settlers went up Missouri River to Platte
• entreprenuers such as Stephen Douglas talked about a transcontinental railroad to San Francisco
• Country west of the Mississippi River has to be organized as a territory to be settled
• 1853 House of Repsentatives passed a bill creating the Nebraska Territory; the senate was against this; Missouri compromis declared slavery excluded from Kansas
• Senator Atchison called the shots for southern votes for any bill in Nebraska
• Stephen Douglas sponsored the bill for popular soverignty
• Douglas hoped to see a railroad linking west coast with Chicago
• compromised on bill with Atchison
• orgnize both Kansas and Nebraska territory
• repeal the Missouri compromise
• the slavery question is left up to popular soverignty
• Bill was controversial
• expansion of slavery was something the entire country should have a say on
• Abraham Lincoln spoke out against the spread of slavery
• VIEW: wherever slavery existed it could stay but it could not spread
• Bill was passed; destroys the whig party
• Southern whigs join democrats and northern whigs and anti nebraska people form the New Republican Party

Nativism

• 1840s hostility towards immigrants
• germans and irish arrive in large numbers
• Many (especially Irish) joined the unskilled and semiskilled labor in eastern cities or took jobs with railroads
• Irish mostly Roman Catholic
• 1850s established Americans looked with distaste at immigrants because of Roman Catholicism, foreign language, and drinking in a country trying to cut back on drinking
• Most immigrants became democratic-pro-slavery
• looked down on by est. Americans, so they supported slavery so that a segmant of the population was under them

Two important Issues:

Temperance:

• 12 states enact prohibition laws (1855)

Public Schools

• Cathoics open parochial schools and ask for tax support to pay for them

Out of this came the American Party (Know-Nothings); stood for:

• anti immigration, temperance
• no tax support for parochial schools
• 21 yrs for immigrants to naturalize
• public office only for native born citizens

Know-nothings did not last long-events in Kansas show the spread of slavery is more important than Catholicism/immigrants, move south; split into nothern anti-slavery and southern pro-slavery; could not function as a national party and were gone by 1856

Bleeding Kansas

• Kansas and Nebraska organized into territories, use popular soverignty
• -pro-slavery move in from Missouri to Kansas
• -antislavery from north also move in
• Missourians (border ruffians) vote early and often throughout Kansas
• 1854 illegal votes sent pro-slavery delgate into Congress
• 1855 elect territorial legislature
• Atchisonled force of border ruffians into Kansas to vote
• 5,000 illegals vote
• pro-slavery legislature elected
• territorial governor plead with President Pierce to nullify vote, Piere upholds results
• pro-slavery legislature legalize slavery
• free state residents fo Kansas had no intention of following laws passed by illegal pro-slavery legislature
• called Convention; adopted free state consitution; elect own legislature and govenor
• January 1856 there are two territorial governments in Kansas
• democratic senate/President Pierce recognizes the pro-slave territorial legislation in Lecompton
• House of Representatives hold an anti-slavery convention in Lawrence

Violence breaks out

• heated speeches in congress led to Preston Brooks canning Charles Sumner
• army of pro-slavery missourians shelled and sacked Lawrence
• led abolitionists John Brown to lead four of his sons and three other men to a pro-slavery meeting killing five people
• Bushwackings/raids broke out into "Bleeding Kansas" almost like a civil war
• President Pierce sends new govenor and 1300 federal troops to put down violence

Election of 1856

• 3 parties
• democrats against know-nothings in south democrats went against republicans in north; southeners threaten to secede if republicans won; republicans see to favor racial equality; Democrat James Buchanon becomes president

Dred Scott Case

• raised cases in territory Dred Scott was slave in who had been taken to free soil in Illinois, Wisconsin, back to Missouri
• sued for freedom; prolonged stay in Wisconsin where Missouri Compromise outlawed slavery
• Southern Justice majority in Supreme court ruled that:
• 5th amendment to Constitution protected property and that therefore Congress lacked power to keep slavery out
• Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
• Blacks were not citizens and was not able to bring this to court

Southeners wonder how long citizens would be able to survive.

12/1


Kansas- Nebraska Act
By 1853, settlers had started going up the Missouri River to Platte.
- Entrepreneurs, such as Stephen Douglas, were talking about building a transcontinental railroad to San Francisco.
- anything West of the Mississippi has to be organized before it can be surveyed and settled.
-1853, House of Representatives passed a Bill creating Nebraska Territory, the bill had problems in the Senate. Missouri Compromise had declared that there would be no slavery in that area.
-Atchison had power and had the Southern votes on any bill on Nebraska.
- Douglas proposed a bill and wanted popular sovereignty
-Atchison and Douglas then compromised on a bill:
-had a Kansas and Nebraska Territory
-repealed the Missouri Compromise
-left question of slavery to popular sovereignty
-Bill created a storm
-many people wanted slavery to be a national question, not popular sovereignty
- Lincoln spoke out against the spread of slavery but let it remain in areas where it already was
-The Bill passed
-the passage completed the destruction of the whig party
- Soutnern Whigs joined the Democrats
- Northern Whigs and anti- Nebraska peoples formed a republican party


Nativism
- Nativism, hostility to immigrants, grew dramatically in the 1840's
-Germans and Irish came in big numbers
-many of them joined the unskilled or semi-skilled population, railroads
-Irish were Roman Catholic
1850's, Americans looked at immigrants with distaste because of catholicism, foreign lang., and the tendency to drink wen the U.S. had just cut back on drinking
- most of them joined the Democrats
-favored slavery so that they woulnd't be the lowest class
-Temperence
-12 states pass prohibition laws by 1855
-public schools
-catholics opened parochial schools and asked for money from the states
-New Party forms
-American party/Know Nothings party
- wanted anti- immigration
-no tax support for catholic schools
-up to 21 years for an immigrant to be nationalized
-public office for native born citizens only
-Know nothings don't lst long
-events in Kansas convince amaericans that slavery was more important than catholicism or immigrants
-Know Nothings moved south
-they split into anti or pro slavery members just like the whigs and fell apart


Bleeding Kansas
-pro and anti slavery persons moved to dominate Kansas because of pop. sovereignty
-1st pro slavery settlers poured in from Missouri
-then came anti from the North
- Missourians called Border Ruffians rode into Kansas and prepared to vote early and often
-1854, illegal votes sent a pro slavery delegate to Congress
-Spring of 1855, time for Kansas to elect territorial legislature
-Atchison led force of Ruffians into Kansas to vote
-over 5000 illegal votes
-Governor pleaded for new vote because of all of the illegal votes
-free state residents of Kansas had a convention and voted for a free state constitution and elected their won legislature
-Democratic Senate and president Pierce recognized pro slavery
-House of Representatives were anti and met in Lawrence

Violence Breaks Out
-heated speeches led to Preston Brooks caning Sumner
-army of pro slaveryMissourians shelled and sacked Lawrence
-led abolitionist John Brown to lead four out of five of his sons and 3 other men to a pro slavery convention and killed 5 people
-Raids break out into Bleeding Kansas almost became a civil War
-Lincolns view on Slavery was still against the spread but alright with it in the states where it is present

Election of 1856
-3 Parties
-Democrats against Know Nothings
- aginst the Republicans in the North
-South saw Republicans as favoring racial equality
-Democrat James Buchanon chosen for president
-Dred Scott Case
-case raised issue of slavery
-Dred Scott is a slave take dto free soil then taken back to slave state
-Scott sued that he was free and that he had had a prolonged stay in Wisconson
-Supreme Court mostly Southern
-5th Amendment to Constitution
- protected property and Congress lacked the power to keep slavery out of a territory
-Missouri Compromise therefore thought as unconstitutional
-blacks thought not to be citizens
-couldn't bring a case to court anymore
-Republicans and Northernors declined the ruling and the Northern states passsed laws stating that they do not have to obey the law
-Southerners wondered how the union would survive

Nov 25

In the beginning of class we listened to “Who’s the Greatest President”

The compromise of 1856
The slavery issue forced congress in 1849-50
California & New Mexico were major issues, in the south were demanding a stronger fugitive slave law after the Supreme Court ruled in Prigg v. Pennsylvania 1842 that states went obligated to enforce the return of run away slaves
Anti slavery westerners wanted an end to the slave trade in DC
Texas and New Mexico were feuding over the boundary

Clay thought he could master another compromise in Jan 1850
8 propositions to senate
The 1st were concession to north and south
Admit California as a free state, no restrictions on slavery in the rest of the cession
Settle the boundary dispute in Favor of New Mexico and compensate Texas financially
Abolish the slave trade in DC, guarantee the continuation of slavery in Wash DC unless both MD and Va agree to abolition
The last 2
Congress would have jurisdiction over slave trade
New stronger national fugitive slave law
Clay lumped his proposal into one bill and so many congressmen disliked parts it wasn’t passed the next to try was Stephen Douglas from Illinois and he broke the bill into parts and got a different majority- both Calhoun and President Taylor died

Separate parts of clay became law and the Compromise of 1850
California a free state
Rest of cession- New Mexico and Utah, Oregon without restrictions on slavery
Settle the Texas-New Mexico where New Mexico gets land and Texas is compensated with $ 10 Million
Abolish the slave trade in DC and guarantee slavery there
A fugitive slave law

Independent Laws supported by different congressional majority trying to answer the slavery question
Results were unexpected
California a free state but votes with the South on most issues
Utah and New Mexico legalized slavery but as Daniel Webster had argued few states were brought there
Fugitive slave law crested major heartburn and discontent

South reasons to complain
When slave catches went too far and kidnapped free blacks, northern states responded with anti kidnapping laws that gave fugitive slaves the right to a trail by jury
When Prigg v Pennsylvania ruled that enforcing the constitution’s fugitive law a federal government responded. Northern states pass a personal liberty laws prohibiting the use of state court, jail, police to recapture fugitive slaves.

The new Fugitive slave law was very strict
Abolitionists vowed to resist it
· Slave catches who went north soon meet with violence that turned many northerns who had not been abolitionists against slavery
· But the north’s failure to enforce the fugitive slave act was a southern grievance in 1850 and a cause of the south secession in 1861
Uncle Tom’s Cabin- a big success
Then also notice the US interest in Cuba in Ostend Manifesto
A letter where American ambassadors to Britain, France and Spain declared that if Spain wouldn’t sell Cuba they would take it