Friday

Sorry my computer has been crashing all weekend then my account wouldnt work so i had to resend my password about 10 times.
On Friday we watched a movie which talked about Roosevelts New Deal policies and how it affected the community. His wife was also mentioned in her position as a civil rights advocate.

Notes from Friday Feb 27

On friday we watched a movie on the Great Depression and the New Deals. Here are some of the main highlights from it

-By 1932, one fourth of the nation was out of work
-During the 1920's the nations industrial production doubled
-October 29,1929 the stock markets crashed and that marked the beginning of the depression
-Hover refused relief for the poor and homeless

-1932, Roosevelt took office
-Passed 15 major acts in what was called his "first hundred days"
-Pushed for gov't regulation of th financial system
-Passed the NIRA, where the gov't could regulate prices, wages, and rates in every industry
-Paid farmers to limit their products
-Federal Emergency relief act gave cash and clothing to those in need
-Roosevelt refused to support anti-lynching act
-NIRA declared unconstitutional by Supreme court because it violated the commerce clause
-Criticism from Lousiana Senator Huey Long. Proposed to tax the rich so every family could have $5,000
Criticism from radio host Coughlin, attack "Franklin Double D Roosevelt" for aiding wall st.
-Revenue Act, increase tax on wealthy
-Wagnor Act, Companies had to bargain with Unions and workers could freely join unions

AP Notes from 2-26-09

(Notes continued from February 25, 2009 )

The PWA dams were very important to economic development in the West.
· Boulder Dam provided drinking water for southern California, irrigation water for the Imperial Valley and electricity for Los Angeles and southern Arizona.

Criticism and Alternatives to the New Deal

Some critics complained that the New Deal ignored ordinary people.
· Louisiana Senator Huey Long called for a share the wealth program which would guarantee each American family $5000 estate by redistributing the nation’s wealth.
· Father Charles Coughlin, the Radio Priest founded the National Union of Social Justice.
o Coughlin came to admire Hitler and Mussolini as they rose to power in Europe.
o Coughlin’s denunciation of democracy and Jews cost him his radio.
· Francis E. Townshed called on the government to give every senior citizen $200 a month provided they would spend it.
· Millions of workers, joined labor unions in 1933-1934 encouraged by John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers.
o The NIRA granted workers the right to John Labor Unions of their own choosing and obligated employers to reorganize unions and bargain with them in good faith.
· When employers granted workers little say in their working conditions and ignored the NRA’s wage and hour guidelines workers stayed strikes (2,000) in virtually every industry and region in the U.S. strikes on a number of occasions. Turned violent. Workers took their anger out at the polls with democrats winning 70% of the contested seats in 1934.

The America Communist Party, organization that took its orders from Moscow gained strength.

· Roosevelt turned to “undercomsumption” the argument had been made weakness in consumer demand had caused the Great Depression.
o Therefore boosting consumer demand was the way to recovery,
o This meant that government support for strong labor unions, force up wages, higher social welfare payments, and vast public works projects.

· The Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) had a huge success when the United Auto workers took on General Motors with a sit-down strike. Neither the state nor federal governments moved to evict the strikers and General Motors caved in.
The Second New Deal-Major Legislation

The second New Deal hit January to June 1935. Two major pieces of legislation were:
· The Social Security Act to provide money for elderly. The unemployed, unmarried with dependent children, and the disable.
· It is also set up a pension program for retired workers.
· Employers and workers were taxed to fund the program.

The National Labor Relations Act (NIRA) gave every worker the right to join a union of his/her choosing and obligated employers to bargain in good faith.
****This was also known as the Wagener Act. The NIRA set up a national labor relations board to supervise union elections and to investigate unfair labor practices.

Other Legislations included:
The holding Company Act was to break up the 13 utility companies that controlled 75% of the Nations electric power.
The Wealth Tax Act increased taxes on the wealthy and corporations.
The Banking Act strengthens the power of the Federal Reserve board.
The Rural Electrification Administration(REA)
The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act $5 billion
Works Progress Administration (WPA) which improved schools, playgrounds, airports, hospitals. It also put struggling artist and writers to work.

New Deal Women

Two very prominent and visible New Deal Women were Eleanor Roosevelt and Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins.
****Others worked in relative obscurity. Women New Dealers had little time to advance the cause of women’s equality.

Effects of the Depression
Men expected to be providers, were psychologically crushed by the loss of their work. The unemployment rate was higher than women.
Some states passed laws outlawing the hiring of married women.
African-Americans who belonged to the CIO or lived in northern cities had some benefits.
But most lived in rural South where they were barred from voting. Largely excluded from AAA and denied federal Protection in efforts to form agricultural Unions.
Blacks received less pay from doing the same jobs as the whites.
American-Indians
Indians had been hurt by the Dawes Severalty Act, and has succeeded as farmers. Many lost their land to whites,

During the New Deal
The Pueblo Relief Act of 1935. Compensated Pueblos for land taken in the 1920s.
Johnson O’Malley Act of 1934 funded states to provide Indian healthcare, welfare, and education...

Notes from Wednesday, Feb. 25

The Great Depression (continued from Tuesday)
President Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
- in order to make loans available to ailing banks and corporations willing to build houses,
bridges, and other improvement programs
Hoover was uncomfortable with the governments responsibility to restore the economy
- reluctant to relieve the homeless and the unemployed
- however assists banks and business
- refused to feed farmers when at the same time supported increased food for livestock
The Bonus Army
World War One veterans were to receive $1,000 bonus through certificates that would mature in 1945
- due to the depression they demanded their pay immediately
- the veterans went to Washington D.C. and camped in the Anacostia Flatts
The House of Representatives agrees to the early payment plan but the Senate refuses and President Hoover refuses to meet with them to discuss the matter
- instead he sent an army under General McArthur and George Patton in order to get the
veterans to leave their post
- few injured or killed
- many Americans were unhappy that the government was attacking its own war veterans
In the election year of 1932 Hoover and the Republicans were voted out of office
Roosevelt's 1st New Deal
The United States economy is in shambles
In his first 100 days in office he passes 15 major pieces of legislation
- helps bankers, farmers, industrialists, workers, homeowners, and the unemployed
He also repeals the 18th amendment which implemented prohibition
First he decided to save the banks
- all banks ordered to close for a "bank holiday"
- emergency banking act: created to give federal loans to private banks
- economy act: balances the US's budget
2nd Glass-Stengal Act: separates commercial and investment banking
- federal deposit insurance cooperation or FDIC is formed: protects $5,000 of a persons total
amount of money in a savings account
Securities Act/Securities Exchange Act
- establishes the securities and exchange commission which regulates trade
Federal Emergency Relief formed in order to aid the poor
Civil Conservation Corps
- young men put into work clothes, allowed them to stay in barracks, and provides them with
national improvement jobs
Homeowners Loan Act: establishes the Homeowners Loan Cooperation
- refinances mortgages
Roosevelt's programs are often referred to as the "three r's"
- relief, recovery, and reform
- all of the above have been included in the relief portion
Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Industrial Recovery Act
- known as the heart of the recovery programs
- went on the idea that reduced production levels would lead to economical recovery
- Agricultural Adjustment Act: paid farmers to stop growing crops and reduce herd sizes
~ However there were no provisions for tenant farmers or farm workers that would loose
their jobs due to the act, or share croppers
~ It also did not help those involved in the dust bowl
- National Industrial Recovery Act: creates the National Recovery Administration or NIRA
~ Persuades businessmen to raise wages to a minimum of 30-40 cents and limits weekly
hours to 30-40 as well
~ Blue eagle logo is created for the NRA and is sent to participating locations
~ Leading manufacturers were brought into conferences to work out codes for fair
competition, but proved unsuccessful
- Public Works Administration sponsored public improvements
~ Created 3 major dams in the West: The Grand Coolidge, Boulder, and Bonneville dams
~ Also created the Key West Causeway
Tennessee Valley Authority had the government itself not private corporations in mind (involved in electrifying the Tennessee river valley)
- Dams and power plants are built
- Come across as a major producer of electricity
- Reduces rates

wednesday february the 25th.

 Roosevelt's New Deal

-Civil Works Administration- helped people find jobs during the depression, provided immediate relief

-Congress pass the Home owner's Loan Act- banks refinance mortgages- Homeowners Loan Corporation, allowed payments to be smaller (Relief, Recovery, and Reform)

-Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)- Pays farmers not to farm for a time period, reduce size of herds

-Directed at farmers who owned land, hurt tenant farmers/share croppers who did not own land

-hurt those farmers affected by the Dust Bowl- large amounts of topsoil moved east

*AAA was struck down by supreme court

-National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)- established National Recovery Administration

-wanted to bring businessmen together to- raise wages by 30-40% an hour and 30-40 hours a week- to spread out available work

- businesses would put the poster of a 'blue eagle' in their front windows to attract workers

-Key point- Government tried to bring leading manufactures to make ground rules- about prices, hours, and wages- however there was no enforcement- failure

*supreme court declares these ground rules unconstitutional, mix of separation of powers

-NIRA also sets up Public Works Administration (PWA)- sponsored major projects to improve infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.)

- Builds 3 major dams- Grand Coulee, Boulder, and Boniville Dam

-Builds Key West Causeway and Tribourough Bridge in NYC

-Large segments of the country did not have electricity- Part of Roosevelt's Deal was to:

-build dams across the TN river valley which created many power plants

-Each was government owned- created competition with other plants, forces other to lower rates and consumers benefit

-PWA- dams = economic development in the west ex. Boulder Dam- drinking water for CA, irrigation, electricity provided to AZ and CA

-Critics of the 'New Deal':

-Huey Long- 'share the wealth'- every American family should get $1000 estate; redistribute wealth

-Father Coughlin- "radio priest"- denounced democracy and Jews

-Francis Townshend- wanted senior citizens to get $200 a month on condition that they would spend it

-Millions of workers joined labor unions- NIRA allowed workers to join these unions

-obligated employers to bargain with employees

-this did not work, many employees with on strikes, some ending violent

-workers took anger out at poll- democrats won 70% of open seats in 1934

-The American Communist Party gains strength

by: Corinne :]]]]]] 

Monday 23,2009

Today in class we took a timed write. If you were absent make it up as soon as possible. Continue to study and keep up with class reading.

2/24/09 Notes

Great Depression and New Deal

Causes:
1.) Stock market speculation in the form of buying on credit
-Inflationary stock prices due to 10% increase in purchase price
2.) Poor decision making by Federal Reserve Board
-Made it harder for public to obtain credit
-Board decreased amount of money in circulation
-Credit starved economy deepening into Depression
3.) Nation's wealth very unevenly distributed
-Between 1918 and 1929, share of nation income went to the wealthiest. 20% rose by 10%. 60% of the poor fell almost 13%
-Deep gap of income slowed consumption
4.) Hawley-Smoot Tariff accelerated economic decline
-Raised rates on agricultural and industrial products at an all-time high
-International trade collapsed due to levied retaliatory tariffs

-Hoover attempts to resolve economic depression

-He first turned to voluntary cooperation
-He encouraged organizations of farmers, industrialists, bankers, etc. to share information to try to get recovery started
-Didn't work and he pursued more aggressive policies

-He secured 1 year moratorium on loan payments due to American banks from European banks

-He steered Glass-Seagall Act of 1932 through Congress to help American Banks meet the demands of European banks to transfer dollars to gold

Notes For 2/19/09

Today we watched a video about the early twentieth century, specifically the 1920's.
Here are some notes from the movie.

• 1920's: U.S. was tired of idealistic crusades like making the world "safe for democracy"
• Most people joined Harding's train of thought in a return to "normalcy" which was the 1920's culture
• The old ways i.e. family lifestyles religious thought etc. was replaced with a consumer lifestyle and and emphasis on spending and fun.
• 1920's were known as the "3rd industrial revolution"
• Had mostly high standards of living due to technological innovation (electricity, radio, appliances)
• the shift from coal to electricity doubled productivity.
  
• industries switched from making things like steel to consumer products like appliances and automobiles

U.S. Industry

• Ford wanted to make cars available for everyone.
  
• he created the assembly line where production time was cut from 12 hours to 2 hours
• He paid his workers a whole $5 which was higher then what other companies paid because he needed the workers to stay
• Across U.S. companies raised wages to increase the buying potential of workers and gave them benefits like vacations
• credit emerged which allowed for more purchasing of finer goods like cars and appliances
  
• also made most luxury items available to everyone.
  
• GM decided to model fashion (no pun intended) and make a new model every year for cars.
  
• This made consumer feel dissatisfied and more likely to purchase more.
• 
  

Cities

• increased population
• new cities emerged with luxuries like movies
• suburbs grew in proportion to cities
• only the wealth lived in suburbs

the car changed all aspects of life:

• some thought they were antireligious because people would take sunday drives instead of going to church
• they brought about drive in movies and banks
• they shut down small town business because people could drive to big city stores

Consumerism/Women

• people had to have shifts in behavior and values in order to fit the consumer lifestyle
• women had changes in lives from right to vote
• more women were employed and going to school then ever before
• they engaged in sports and threw of other earlier restraints on life
• the cut their hair to be short, they smoked, drank, wore dark lipstick (single young females only)
• women started engaging in consumer culture and decided what to buy
  

Electricity

• changed homes by giving use of appliances and radio
• appliances made chores easier so women could do more outside the home
• farmers didn't benefit from electricity

Ads

• modernized from war posters to consumer products
• ads were everywhere in magazines radio etc
• they tapped into the desires, fears loves and impulses of the people
• women especially affected:
  
• They had "new beauty" where ads would ask the readers if they thought they were beautiful enough and force women to buy cosmetics to appear presentable
  

Movies

• Movies brought fantasy to life
• they mocked old ways and put fourth new ideas and new aspects in sexuality
• in 1920's movies were very controversial (ya sure)
• They challenged family values
• movies gave heros and redefined feminimity, beauty and masculinity
• they were leisure exploits
• ceebrated night life and new music

Jazz/Harlem Renaissance

• new controverisal music from black communities
• originiated in Louisiana
• Harlem became center of black community
• Marcus Garvey could be found there where he had 1/2 million followers for his version of black freedom
• His auxiliary groups like the black cross encouraged black pride
• new negro emerged from the Harlem events/people
• Harlem Renaissance was a grouping of black music, lit, art that expressed the "black identity"
• Jazz drew whites to illegal nightclubs where they served alchohal
• Most nightclubs owned by whites who wouldn't let any blacks in unless it was for work
• Whites took up the music as their own and the radio spread it everywhere

Culture clashes

• some not happy with Jazz Age and consumerism
• people feared that U.S. would become a country of lawbreakers
• 18th amendment made alchohal illegal
• the experiment broke down and crime syndicates distributed it
• although many were for consumerism there was a great deal who were traditional
• WW1 helped fear of foreigners grow
• New KKK accused Catholics of listening to the pope over the government and being unamerican and Jews of spreading immorality
• KKK appealed to midwest protestants
• they controlled 3 state governments and had 5 million members
• U.S. set immigration laws for Europe and elminated Asian immigration
• Mexicans were allowed in though
• Nation split into two cultures traditional protestant and modern
  
• Tenn. outlawed evolution teachings and scopes taught it anyways
• Bryan rushed to prosecute while Darrow defended scopes in "monkey Trial"
• In the end Darrow made Bryan look stupid but scopes was found guilty
  

• Sports and Other famous events
  
• 1926 Philidelphia hosted large boxing spectacle where 1 boxer was tradtionalist and fundamentalist and the other was a modern Irish Catholic
• the modernist won the fight
• sports gained popularity with atheletes like Babe Ruth
• Charles "lucky lindy" Lindberg became the first solo pilot to cross the atlantic and became a hero.
  

Final notes

• people believed that capitalism would bring a better world
• Coolige said the U.S. placed a great amount of faith in business
• U.S. prosperity rested on unsteady loans and foundations
• speculative investments caused the stock market crash of 1929 and the greatest depression in U.S. history
  

Don't forget to study for the test tomorrow, good luck everyone

John

Notes for Feb. 18

The Johnson-Reid Act:

Intended to limit immigration and rejected the natives feelings of the time

• some people thought that there were simply too many immigrants
• industrialist no longer needed unskilled European laborers
• leaders of labor unions were convinced that immigrants, unfamiliar with English, and unfamiliar with the purpose of unions were weakening labor solidarity

1921 Emergency Quota Act passed

• new comers from Europe were restricted in any given year to a definite quota which was set at 3% of the immigrants living in U.S in 1910

Johnson -Reid Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 established a quota of 2% of total number of immigrants from the country already in U.S in 1890

• favored British, Germans, and Scandinavians
• discriminated against "New Immigrants" from southern and eastern Europe: Italians, Greeks, Poles, Slavs, and eastern European Jews
• Chinese, Japanese, and other Asians were barred

The Scopes Trial or The Monkey Trail

Protestant Fundamentalism also reacted against urban life

• fundamentalists believed that every event depicted in the bible was literally true
• rise of the fundamentalism from the 1870s through the 1920s paralleled the rise of urban industrial society
• fundamentalists backed off from the "evils" of the cites

Fundamentalists took shape in reaction against other groups such as the liberal protestants

Liberal Protestants believed religion had to adapt to the times

• the Bible was looked to for ethnic values
• religion turned a quest for salvation to the pursuit of good deeds, social conscience, and love for one's neighbor

Both knew science biggest challenge to Christianity

• no aspect of science aroused more anger anger among fundamentalist than Darwin's theory of evolution
• could not believe man came from apes and not from God

1925 Tennessee passed law forbidding teaching of "any theory that decries the story of divine creation of man as taught in Bible"

Some found the law to be ludicrous

• American civil liberty union (ACLU) founded during Red Scare of 1919-1920 began to look for a teacher to challenge the law
• John Scopes, a biology teacher, challenged law by teaching evolution
• At trial William Jennings Bryan came forward to help prosecution and Clarence Darrow, a famous trial lawyer, led Scopes defense

Trial drew large crowds and lots of press; Scopes was convicted by trial took a strange twist

• Darrow convinced judge to let Bryan testify as expert on Bible
• Darrow embarrassed Bryan and got him to admit that was not always easy to determine the "truth" of the bible

Caused the fundamentalist to retreat

Ethnic/Racial culture and politics in the cities of the 1920s

Government policy simultaneously discouraged the continued immigrations of "new immigrants" from southern and eastern Europe, and encouraged migrations of blacks from the south to the north and of Mexicans into Southwest U.S

• new immigrants concentrated in cities of northeast and Midwest
• many semiskilled and unskilled industrial workers who lacked job security
• many catholic or Jewish and the targets of the KKK
• Catholics resented prohibition
• Southern and eastern Europeans represented immigration restriction and the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
• state after state passed laws requiring public schools to teach citizenship

Ethnic association flourished; immigration sought to preserve their culture

Many immigrants went to movies, amusement parks, baseball games, and boxing matches

African Americans combines to move north despite to race riots

• 300,000 blacks in New York and 234,000 in Chicago formed cities unto themselves
• complex societies emerged from these black metropolises
• society thrilling but discrimination remained high
• found only lowest paying jobs
• housing available in "colored" neighborhood

Harlem Renaissance

Black Culture: 1920s vigorous and productive

• musicians coming north brought blues and ragtime
• southern styles merged with European influence of the north to become Jazz

Black literary and artistic awakening (the Harlem Renaissance) paralleled emergence of Jazz

• black novelists, poets, painters, sculptors, and play writers set about creating roots in black culture
• the world culture was one place the "new negro" could assert himself
• an example of a prominent member was poet Langston Hughes
• white club owners would not let blacks in

Alienated American intellectuals / the last generation

Many native born, white artists and intellectuals despaired of American culture and regarded the average American as

• anti-intellectuals, small minded, materialistic, and puritanical
• these alienated intellectuals were known as the "lost generators"
• many went to Europe: particularly pans to live

American intellectuals shocked by the effect of WWI on American society

• the wartime push for consensus in support of the war created in tolerance of radicals, immigrants, and blacks
• intellectuals were further dismayed by prohibition, the rebirth of the KKK, the rise of fundamentalism, and the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti

Many writers of this period received high literary awards including the Nobel prize for literature

• William Faulkner, Sinclair Lewis, Ernest Hemingway, Eugene O'Neil, T.S. Elliot

2/17 Notes

Hoover had some success from bringing business people together.

• He convinced executives to get rid of the 12 hour day
• The Passage of 1926 Railroad Labor Act, which endorsed labors rights to bargain collectively

Hoover used Associationalism in international relations as well.

• He helped set up the Washington conference on the limitation of armaments.
• It concluded the five power treaty in which the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed to scrap more than two million tons of warship.
• In the five power treaty, the parties agreed battleships and aircraft carriers would be reduced to a 5-5-3-2-2 ratio.
• British and the United States would reduce their force to 660 tons each.
• Japan could get 396 tons
• No restrictions were placed on smaller warships.
• The five power treaty was also negotiated and parties agreed to open the open door in China.
• These treaties were mainly the work of secretary of state Hughes who consolidated his control over foreign policy and then turned to Lassez-Faire rather than associationalism.

Franco German Problems - 1923.

• Treaty of Versailles obligated Germans to pay 33 billion in reparations.
• Germany could not pay all that money so they stopped paying in 1923.
• France sent troops to the Ruhr Valley and German workers went on strike.
• To help, Hughes, demanded that France pay in full its debt to the United States.
• To do that, France needed more loans from the United States bankers.
• Hughes used this to force France to negotiate including a reduction in Germany's reparations.
• American Bankers took over and formed the Dawes plan.
• Germany's reparation were reduced to 250 million dollars yearly.
• The German economy got an infusion of 300 million dollars in loans from the United States.

Kellogg - Briand Pact

• Frank Kellogg built on the success of the five power treaty to negotiate the Pact
• fifteen nations signed
• they pledged to avoid war and to settle all international disputes through "pacific means"
• 62 nations ratified the pact

Farming is depressed

• both domestic and foreign demand for farm products increased during the war.
• after the war, European farm production returned, leading to over supply on American farms.
• The introduction of the tractor made it possible for farmers to increase the size of supply leading to over supply of products.
• by 1929 annual pay for farmers was 223 dollars, which was one fourth of that of the non-farming population.
• Many left farming, those who stayed became more vowel in demand
• Congress passed the McNary-Haugen Bill calling for high tariff and for government purchase of United States crops, but president Coolidge vetoed it twice.
• Farmers realized that the economy was in the cities.
• Farmers were eager to participate in the consumer market place.
• Mail order catalogs from stores helped. Radios and magazines broke barriers between country and city.
• Farmers feared that this would expose them to Atheism, immorality, and radicalism
• In response, farmers supported prohibition, KKK, immigration restrictions, and religious fundamentalism.

Prohibition

• 18th amendment went into effect in January 1920
• it first had the support of Farmers, middle class dwellers, feminists, and progressives.
• But it promoted law breaking. violence caused people to turn against prohibition.

The Resurgent KKK

• The new Klan was created in 1915
• The new Klan was anti- Black, Jews, immigrants, gambling, adultery, birth control.
• The new KKK was strong in the old confederacy, the border states, and the north.
• Indiana elected a Klansman Governor and had several in the state legislature.

Roaring 20's - Thursday 2/12

AMERICAN PROSPERITY

On balance WWI was good for the American economy

• Industries were stronger
• Manufacturers and bankers had exported so many goods and made so many loans, the US became the worlds leading creditor nation.

Consumer Products were plentiful after the war

• Americans owned 8 million automobiles in 1920
• Tractors, washing machines, refrigerators, electric irons, radios & vacuum cleaners became available
• Fresh fruits and vegetables made it into grocery stores
• Paved roads made day long excursions a common event
• Camping trips and long distance vacations became routine
• Farmers could easily head to town for shopping and entertainment
• By 1929, as many as 7 million Americans owned stock in American corporations

-Still the working class family that bought a car often lacked money to do much else.

Consumer credit was introduced

• Car dealers, home installment merchants began offering installment plans

Middle class buyers had to be recruited

• Car owners had to be persuaded to buy a new model only  a few years after buying the first.  

- This caused general motors to introduce the idea of the annual model change

-The strategy worked sending General Motors sales past Ford

- Ford reluctantly came out with a model "A" to compete with this model T

The advertising company came into being

• Advertisers were knowledgeable in phycology
• Ad campaigns played on people emotions
• American consumers responded enthusiastically showing:

- an interest in fashion

- a desire for the latest product

- a weakness for the craze of the moment

• Advertisers focused a lot of attention on women

Husband and Wifer went to:

• Be friends
• Pursue sexual satisfaction together
• Dine out
• Play cards with friends
• Go to movies
• Read and discuss books from the new book of the month clubs

Young Single, Middle-class Women

• Put on short dresses
• Rolled there stockings down
• Wore red lipstick and smoked in public
• Aimed to creat a new female personality with

-Self reliance

-Outspokenness

-An appreciation for life's pleasures

It was an Age of Celebrity

• Mega events were staged in baseball and boxing

-Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey, were overwhelmingly popular

- So were movie stars like Charlie Chaplin and Rudy Valentino 

• Charles A Lindbergh, lucky lindy, became the first person to fly solo across the atlantic on a monoplane.

To build employee loyalty and protest against strikes, some employers set up

• Work place cafeterias
• Hired doctors and nurses to staff on site clinics
• Built Ball fields for industry supported leagues
• Set up profit sharing plans
• Offered stock options

Skilled craftsmen in construction, railroads, and printing saw their real wages rise considerably.

• Large industries paid employees relatively well

Semiskilled and Unskilled workers had to contend with labor surplus that left them unable to share their prosperity. 

Coal mining and textiles suffered from sever overcapacity

Courts turned againts workers

• A conservative Supreme court whittled away at laborers legal protections

-In 1921 it raved that lower courts could issue injunctions against union members to 

  prohibit them from striking or picketing

• State courts enforced "Yellow Dog Contract" in which employees promised not to join unions if they got a job.

Women were largely excluded from skilled craft jobs

• They were often put into segregated departments to do "womens work" and were paid less
• White collar jobs for women grew in the 1920's

HARDING AND COOLIDGE

Harding was supported by the Ohio republican party

• He released Eugene Debs from prison
• He placed Herbert Hoover, Charles Evens Hughes, and Andrew Mellon in his cabinet. All talented men.

Harding found jobs for many of the Ohio boys

• He could be found drinking, gambling, and womanizing
• The Ohio gang became rich selling govt appointements.

Continued...

Feb 13th

Adopt a senior day,
fred played sax...
some did skits....
thats about it

test 21-24 next week

Feb,13,2009

Today in class was adopt a senior day. The seniors did funny skits and danced around the class room. Have a great weekend and rember no school on Monday.

Today in History....

Today in class Mr. Gottschalk talked to us all a little bit about topics such as the U.S. draft and the Great Migration:

• The US wondered how they could best organize the economy
• Wilson sets up Boards or Administrations
• The best board- Food Administration~ led by Herbert Hoover who later become President
• High income tax (67%) on wealthy Americans
• Encouraged to buy Liberty Bonds

Great Migration

• Thousands of Southern African Americans migrate North during the war searching for jobs.
• Northern women also were on the hunt for occupations

Selective Service Act- May 1917

• Act provided for the registration of men aged 21-30.
• More than 9,925,000 men were registered in June of 1917, and of these about 687,000 were called for service immediately.
• Very few could resist the draft
• Black soldiers would have been more willing to register if only they were accepted in the Marine Corps.
• African Americans were assigned to segregated, all-black units
• They were also not sent into combat- were auxiliary units instead.
• Exception- a regiment of Black soldiers loaned to the French army.

The 18th Amendment to the Constitution established prohibition in the US.

• Ratified on January 29, 1919

After we took the above notes (and I'm sure I missed a few more) we watched a movie on WWI which took up the rest of the period. =)

notes for Feb. 10

On Tuesday in class we took notes
heres an overveiw of what we covered,
After WWI ended President Wilson brought his 14 point plan to the Paris Peace Conference.
there was 3 groups of his plan
the first said that all nations should abide by the code of conduct, embraced free trade, freedom of seas
the 2nd based on the principle of self determination, proposed redrawing the map of Europe
the 3rd established the League of Nations, all nations represented, all international disputes given fair hearing
britain and france only for the third part of his plan
added it into the treaty of Versilles
Germany was being treated roughly
Treaty was signed june 1919
when brought back for the U.S. to approve it took many adjustments and time-and in the end was not passed
League of nations created but US was not apart of it
The League of Nations was not very successful without the world power

Today we watched a video on World War I. Mr. Gottschalk wanted everyone to take note of the Civil Service Act and the Great Migration during the movie.

• Civil Service Act: passed in 1883, it established the first federal regulatory commission. It marked the end of the "spoils system" because now office holders were assessed on amerit basis. Garfield's assination by an angry immigrant, who was unable to get a government job, ultimately led to the passage of this act.
• Great Migration: refers to the migration of nearly 7 million African Americans from southern U.S. to the North, Midwest, and West from 1916-1930. Most of the African Americans moved to Northern cities, particularly Chicago. About 500,000 AFrican Americans migrated to Chicago alone.

feb 10 2009

* Woodrow Wilson made one final, futile attempt to avert war, delivering a moving address that declared that only “peace without victory” would be lasting.
* Germany responded by shocking the world, announcing that it would not be engaging in unrestricted warfare,

* Wilson asked Congress for the authority to arm merchant ships, but a band of Midwestern senators tried to block this measure.
* Then, the Zimmerman note was intercepted and published

* Written by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman, it secretly proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico, and if the Central Powers won, Mexico could recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona from the U.S.

President Wilson asked for Congress to declare war, which it did four days later; Wilson had lost his gamble

* The Fourteen Points were a set of idealistic goals for peace:
- No more secret treaties.
- Freedom of the seas was to be maintained.
- A removal of economic barriers among nations.
- Reduction f armament burdens.
- Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers.
-Other points included: “self-determination,” or independence for oppressed minority groups, and a League of Nations, an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes.

* During the war, Blacks immigrated to the North to find more jobs, and did, but the appearance of Blacks in formerly all-White towns did spark violence, such as in Chicago and St. Louis.

* Blacks were also often brought in as strikebreakers.
* Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, since the men were gone to war.This gained support for women’s suffrage,

* When Wilson decided to go to Europe personally to oversee peace proceedings, Republicans were outraged, thinking that this was all just for flamboyant show*

*When he didn’t include a single Republican, not even Senator Henry Cabot Lodge,

* the Republicans proclaimed that they would not pass the treaty, since to them, the League of Nations was either over-powerful or useless.

* The Treaty of Versailles was forced upon Germany under the threat that if it didn’t sign the treaty, war would resume, and when the Germans saw all that Wilson had compromised to get his League of Nations, they cried betrayal, because the treaty did not contain much of the Fourteen Points like the Germans had hoped

*Lodge now came up with fourteen “reservations” to the Treaty of Versailles, which sought to safeguard American sovereignty.
* Congress was especially concerned with Article X, which morally bound the U.S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that was victimized by aggression, for Congress wanted to preserve its war-declaring power.
*Wilson hated Lodge, and with though he was willing to accept similar Democratic reservations and changes, he would not do so from Lodge, and thus, he ordered his Democratic supporters to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations attached.

the treaty was put up for vote 3 times when all three failed for the republicans

U.S. isolationism doomed the Treaty of Versailles and indirectly led to World War II

Feb 9,09

Chapter 23
-June 28, 1914-Bosnia-When a Bosnian national assassinated Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria Hungary, Austria-Hungary responded by declaring war on Serbia

_Intricate series of treaties divided Europe into 2 camps
-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy- Triple Alliance- promised to be alliance if attacked
-Italy then opted out and replaced by the Ottoman Empire.
-Other side is triple Entente w/ Britain, France, and Russia
-Russia is bound to defend Russia against Austria-Hungary

-Russia mobilizes to Serbia's Aid, Germany mobilized to protect Austria from Russia, Germany struck not at Russia, but at France. Brits declare war or Germany.

Victory is not swift
-Wilson calls it a Euro war and neutral
-Wilson proclaims US neutrality and set out to continued to trade with the Brits

Neutrality is difficult
-Americans are culturally similar to Brits, stronger trading ties.
-Brits and France asked us for supplies. Begin to give loans to Brits and France. Effectiveness of British naval blockade of German ports further reduced US trade with Germany

-US compromised its neutrality by failing to protect its right to trade with Germany.

Early 1915-Germany responded to this by using U-boat. Calls its usage "unrestricted submarine warfare" to sink enemy ships going to Britain.

-May 7, 1925, Brit passenger Ship Lusitania is sunk by German Submarine-1198 people killed. 128 Americans died.
-sinking occurs without warning
-Germany alleged that they were bringing munitions to Britain allegations were true
-Germany had warned Americans not to travel on British ships carrying weapons

-Pres Wilson only denounced the sinking of neutral ships instead of also denouncing British blockade of Germany from US merchant ships. Tells Germans not to ever launch attack of neutral citizens.

-Brief lull in U-boat activity- Early 1916, allies arm merchant ships w/ Guns and Depth Charges
-Germany responds w/ renewed U-boat activity
-Sinks Sessex, a french ship, with heavy losses of life including Americans
-Germany relented when Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations.
-Sussex pledge-Germany promises to stop sinking merchant vessels without warning
-Want US to also press Britain to have no blockade on US ships.
-Wilson says yes to first but ignored the second

-Wilson, peace initiative in Jan. 1916. House-Grey memorandum Britain agree to ask US to negotiate a settlement of the war
-Brits drop out when Wilson makes clear, it is an open impartial peace, not pro-Brits
-
-Keeps US out of war
-1916-reelected Wilson on "kept us out of war" slogan

-early 1917-Germs decide to throw full mil weight on France and British. It can do that because it knows about the change in government in Russia and they know there is no threat.
Jan 31-Announces resumption of "unrestricted Submarine Warfare"
Feb 1st- Next day, Wilson breaks diplomatic relations with Germans

Zimmerman Telegram-Germans tell its Mex Ambassador to tell Mexico to attack US if US goes to war against US. If we win, you get money and all the land you lost to the US.
-Brits intercept the letter-share with the US
-Wilson goes to congress- gets Dec of War against Germany in order to have safe Democracy in Europe(Russia)April 6,1917.

Russia
-Gov of Tsar is overthrown
_interior gov was set up
_in nov 1917, Lenin pulls off Bolshevik revolution and brings Communists to power. Pulls Russia out of War
-Wilson sets up 14 point plan of what world looks like after war
-Germany launches massive offensive in March and April just as American troops arrive in France. German offensive grounds to a halt.
-Armistice is declared in Nov 1918

Monday, Febuary 9

June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Russia war started when Bosnian assasinates archduke Ferdinand
- Austria declares war
Europe is divided into two camps by treaties
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy are the triple alliance (Italy eventually replaced by
the Ottoman empire)
- other side known as the triple entente (Russia is to defend Serbia)
Russia sends troops to protect Serbia, Germany sends troops to Austria-Hungary in response
- Britain declares war on Germany
US remains neutral: Wilson calls it a "European war"
US continues to trade with all war participants:
- Britain and France get food, clothes, and weapons from the US
- American bankers give loans to Britain
- British naval blockade of Germany decreases trade
German u-boats or submarines
- sink enemy ships enroute to Britain in 1915
- May 7, 1915 Luistania (British passenger liner) is sunk by the British: Germany alleged it
was carrying weapons, Wilson denounced the sinking and demanded Germany pledge not to
attack neutral citizens
early 1916 allies armed merchant ships with guns and depth charges
- caused renewed u-boat attacks
- sunk Sessex (french)
Germany relented with Wilson and the US threatened to break diplomatics relations
- Sussex pledge: Germany promised to stop sinking merchant vessels without warning
- insisted that the US attempt to get neutral ships through blockade to German ports
Wilson's peace initiative January 1916
Housegrey memorandum: Britain agreed to ask us to negotiate
- Britain dropped out however when Wilson called for open, impartial peace
1916 Wilson in re-elected on the slogan "he kept us out of war"
Germany early 1917: full forces at France and Britain because of the collapse of Russia
- Germany announced unrestricted submarine war on January 31, 1917
- Febuary 1 the United States breaks its diplomatic relations
Zimmerman telegram: intercepted by the British (between Germany and Mexico)
- Mexican government is to attack the US if we decide to go to war with Germany
April 2 Wilson asks congress for war
- in order to make the world safe for democracy
- war declared April 6, 1917
in Russia
- tzar Nicholas is overthrown and an interum liberal government is established
- Bolshevik rebolution puts Lenon into power and he pulls out of the war
January 1918 Wilson's 14 points
- plan for post-war peace
Germany launched onto the offensive in March and April
armistice on November 11, 1918

February 6, 2008

Hey everybody! I'm sorry this is so late. On Friday, Mr. G signed our class registration forms for next year, and then we took our chapter quiz.

5th Period 2/6/09

At the beginning of class we got our pre registration forms signed for the classes we are taking next year. Then we took chapter 21-22 quiz.

Notes for 2-5-09

The Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
-original Monroe Doctrine told Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere and US wouldn't mess with Europe
-1904 Roosevelt Corollary-Roosevelt reasserted original doctrine and added the claimed right of US to intervene in affairs of Western hemisphere nations
-Corollary came at a time when Latin American countries were defaulting on loans from Europe and Europeans were considering action against defaulters
-Purpose-still keep Europeans out
Panama Canal
-French Company just went bankrupt trying to build a canal across Colombian Province of Panama
-Roosevelt negotiated the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Great Britain releasing both countries from an 1850 agreement not to build a Central American canal without the other's permission
-French Company lowered price for works in Panama, the US shifted its focus from a canal across Nicaragua to Panama and Congress approved buying out French for $40 Million
-US negotiated Hay-Herron Treaty with Columbia for a 6 mile wide strip across Panama in exchange for $10 million and $250 K annual rent
-Colombian legislature rejected treaty, Roosevelt encouraged Panamanians to revolt against Columbia
-revolt seceded because US naval force prevented Colombian troops from landing in Panama
-US formally recognized Panamanian govt
-US signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty for a 10 mile wide canal for $10 million and $250,000 annual rent
-canal opened in 1914
-shortened sea route between San Francisco and New york by 8,000 miles
-1921-US compensated Columbia $25 million for loss of Panama
-1977-Jimmy Carter signed treaty transferring ownership of canal to Panama in year 2000
Chinese Exclusion and Roosevelt's Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan
-white Californians feared many Asian immigrants
0made Congress pass Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882-ended Chinese immigration
-1906-San Francisco school board ordered segregation of Asian schoolchildren
-Riots broke out in San Fransisco and Los Angeles
-Roosevelt professed shock and reached a "Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan
-Japan promised to halt immigration of adult Japanese laborers in US
-Roosevelt pledged to end anti-Japanese discrimination and persuaded San Fransisco school board to rescind its segregation ordinance
William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
-President Taft is known for his policy of "Dollar Diplomacy"
-Taft urged Wall Street bankers to invest in overseas businesses as a way of spreading US influence
-Dollar Diplomacy didn't work well in Asia
-Worked well in Central America as companies like United fruit established banana plantations in Costa Rica and Honduras
Woodrow Wilson and US Imperialism
-Wilson sent troops to Haiti in 1915 to put down revolution and stayed for 21 years
-1916-forced Dominican Republic to accept rule of US military government
-Wilson purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark
-decided that US foreign policy should help advance democracy in Mexico and gets in a mess
-Mexican Revolution broke out in 1910 when dictator Dorfirio Dias was overthrown by Francisco Madero
-Madero took over when American and British inventors owned more than half of Mexico's real estate, 90% of all reserves, and almost all of the railroads
-Madero scared foreign businessmen with talk of democratic reform
-overthrown by Victoriano Huerta in 1913
-promised to protect foreign investments
-When Huerto's men murdered Madero-President Wilson refused to recognize Huerta government and demanded that Mexcio hold democratic elections
-1914-Wilson responded to arrest of several US sailors visiting Vera Cruz by sending a naval fleet into Mexican waters
-Wilson ordered US Marines into Vera Cruz and directed them to prevent a German ship from off loading munitions meant for Huerta
-19 Americans and 126 Mexicans killed
-American occupation of Vera Cruz weakened Huerta and Venustaiano Carranza took power
-Carranza introduced major land reform
-Wilson turned to Pancho Villa in 1915 and Wilson withdraw his support from Villa and prepared to recognize the Carranza govt
-angry Pancho Villa pulled 18 Americans off of a train in northern Mexico and murdered them; crossed border to kill 17 more Americans in Columbus, NM
-Wilson sent a US Expeditionary Force under General John J. Pershing into Mexico to hunt down Villa
-although Pershing went 300 miles into Mexico failed to capture Villa and clashed with Carranza'a forces

2/3/09, sorry guys - it's late.

Chapter 22 - 2/3/09

-Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was essential to the growth of the American economy and cultivation of democracy.

-Turner claimed life on the frontier made America unique.

 

The US Looks Abroad

-Several factors cause Americans to start looking overseas.

--Rapid industrial growth

--Technological advances

-->Transoceanic cables, steamship travel

--England, Germany, Russia, Japan, and others sought overseas and colonies

 

Some groups argued that America should enter competition.

-Protestant missionaries, businessman, and imperialists.

 

Protestant Missionaries

-Christian duty to teach gospel to Asian masses (China).

 

-Businessman looked for foreign markets in which to sell.

 

-Imperialists wanted U. S. to become a major world power and saw economic expansion as a way to do this.

 

Imperialists…

-They believed in strong navy.

-Many took Social Darwinism approach.

-Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan was influential imperialist.

-He wrote “The Influence of Sea power Upon History”.

 

-From 1880s on there was large support for a large navy.

-In 1878 U. S. secured base rights to Pago Pago in Samoa.

-In 1885 U. S. leased Pearl Harbor.

-In 1889 U. S. established protectorate over part of Somoa to keep Germany and Britain out.

-In 1891, American sugar plantation owners in Hawaii desposed the King and put Queen Liluokalani into power.

-In 1893, Hawaii declared U. S. protectorate.

 

-Jingoism caught on. Jingoists were nationalists who thought a swaggering foreign policy and willingness to go to war would enhance US rep.

 

Spanish-American War

-In 1895 Cubans revolted against Spain and destroyed much of the island.

-Spanish response = brutal

--Cubans forced into concentration camps.

-American press inflamed U. S. public opinion against Spanish military leader in Cuba calling him “Butcher” Weyler.

-William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World kept Americans aware of Spanish atrocities.

--Both papers printed sensational shocking stories in lurid detail in order to sell papers. Known as “Yellow Journalism”

 

-When riots broke out in Havana in late 1897, President McKinley ordered the USS Marine a battleship into Havana harbor to protect America of their property.

 

-On Feb. 15 1898 Maine exploded into the harbor killing 260 sailors.

--Americans were convinced Spain had struck.

--‘Yellow’ press screamed “Remember the Maine”.

 

-McKinley offered Spain terms to avoid war.

--Pay indemnity for USS Maine

--Close concentration camps

--End fighting against Cuban rebels

--Commit to Cuban independence

 

-In April 1898 Spain accepted all but the last term and on April 11 McKinley asked Congress for declaration of war.

-Congress declared war on 14^th of April

-Spain declared war on 24^th of April

 

-Also known as the Splendid Little War, Spanish American War began in April and ended in August.

-Fewer than 500 people were killed.

-Naval superiority was man reason for victory.

-On land, the United States was less prepared.

 

February 5 5th Period Notes

Panama Canal
-Roosevelt was convinced for the need of a canal across Central America and a french company had gone bankrupt building a canal across Columbian Province of Panama
-Roosevelt was negotiating the Hay-Pauncetote Treaty with Great Britain releasing a 1850 agreement not to build a canal without the others permission
-U.S. focused on Nicaragua went to Panama and congress approved buying out the french company for $40 million so the U.S. does canal in Panama
-Negotiated Hay-Herron Treaty for 6 mile wide across Panama $10 million and $250000 yearly for rent
-Columbian legislature rejected the treaty, Roosevelt encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Columbia and the revolt succeeded because the U.S. Navy prevented Columbian troops from landing in panama
-U.S. formally recognized the new Panamian goverenty two days after rebellion started
-U.S. then signed the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty gaining 10 mile wide canal zone fro $10 million and $250000 a year for rent
-Canal opened in 1914 and shortned the sea route between San Fransico and Ney York by over 8,000 miles
-in 1921 U.S. compensated Columbia with $25 million for its loss of Panama
-1977 President Jimmy Carter signs a treaty providing the transferring ownership of the canal to Panama in 2000

Chinese Exlusion and Roosevelt's Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan
-white Californians feared large umbers of Asian immigrants
-pressed congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 which ended most immigration
-in 1906 San Fransico ordered segregation of Asian school childrens and riots broke out in San Fransico and Los Angeles
-Roosevelt did Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan: Japan promised to halt immigration of adult Japanese laborers to the U.S. and Roosevelt pledged to end anti-Japanese discrimination and persuaded San Fransico school to rescind its segregation ordinance

William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
-Taft urged wall street bankers to invest in overseas businesses as a way of spreading U.S. influence
-didn't work well in Asia but worked well in Central America as companies like United Fruit established banana plantations in Costa Rico and Handuras and come to influence the regions governments

Woodrow Wilson and Imperialism
-sent troops in Haiti in 1915 to put down a revolution and stayed 21 years in 1916 forced the Dominican Republic to accept the role of a U.S. military governemtn
-purchased the virgin islands from Denmark
-Wilson decides U.S. foreign policy should help advance democracy in Mexico
-revolution in 1910 in Mexico- Dias was overthrown by Francisco Madero took over when British and American investors owned more then half realestate, 90% oil, and almost all railroads
-Madero scares foreign investors with talk of democratic reform-overthrown in 1913 by Huerta who promises to protect foreign investments
-Huerta's men murder Madero and Wilson refused to give recognition to Huerta government and demanded to hold democratic elections
-1914 Wilsom responded to arrest of several U.S. sailors visiting Vera Cruz by sending Naval fleet into Mexico waters, Marines into Ver Cruz and directed to prevent German ship from offloading weapons for Huerta, 19 Americans were killed and 129 Mexicans
-Huerta overthrow by Carranza who introduces major land reform and calls for nationalization of foreign companies
-Wilson turned to Pancho Villa to challenge Carranza
-Crranza defeats Pancho in 1915, Wilson pulls support of Pancho
-Pancho Villa is angry and pulled 18 Americans off a train and murdered them and then went to New Mexico and killed 17 more
-Wilson sent US expeditionary force under general John J Pershing into Mexico to hunt down Pancho
-Pershings failed to capture Villa but did clash twce with Carranza's forces
-With WW1 underway in Europe Wilson brought troops back in 1917 and Wilson recognized Corranza's government



Quiz Tomorrow on Chapters 21-22!

Chapter 22 Notes AP US History

The U.S. becomes a world power

- Imperialists made many arguements in support of the U.S. as a world power

• Patriotism and the glory of annexation
• Profits to be made from trade
• Access to natural resources for raw materials
• New converts to Protestant christianity
• The Filipinos were not ready or capable of governing themselves and Germany might take over if the U.S. didn't

- From the war, the U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phillipines

- After the war, Hawaii was annexed and in 1900, U.S. citizenship was granted to Hawaiians

- Deciding what to do with the Philippines was contentious. Anti-imperialists argued:

• taking over the Philippines would violate the American belief in the "consent of the governed"; right to independence and self government
• Annexation would get the U.S. too deeply into Asian affairs
• The Philippines would compete with other U.S. sugar growers
• The Filipinos would flock into the U.S. as immigrants
• economic costs would outweigh the benefits

- The U.S. senate narrowly approved the Treaty of Paris

• The U.S. ignored the desires of the leader of the anti-colonial movement in thePHilippines, Emilia aguinaldo, for independence
• a long, brutal, dirty war broke out between the U.S. and the Philippines
• Eventually, the reisitance was broken and the Philippines were placed under an American governor and administered like a colony
• William Howard Taft was the 1st American Governor

-Taft sponsored a program of public works-roads, bridges, schools

-He transferred some government functions to filipino control

-Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico

• In 1900 Cuba and convered a constitutional convention
• In 1901, Congress passed the Platt Amendment, setting 3 conditions for Cuban Independence

-Cuba would make no treaties with foreign powers

-The U.S would have broad authority to intervene in Cuban affairs

-Cuba would well of lease land to the U.S. for naval stations

• Cuba reluctantly wronte these Platt conditions into its constitution

Puerto Rico was annexed outright in the Foraker Act of 1900

• Puerto Ricans were not made U.S citizens
• Puerto Rico was declared "unincorporated" territory with Congress empowered to dictate its government and citizen's rights
• Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917 and won the right to elect their own governor in 1947.

The Open Door Policy was a diplomatic strategy to open up China's markets to U.S. products at a time when the U.S. feared that other countries (Britian, Germany, Japan, Russia, and France) would block our access to China's markets

• Secretary of state, John Hay, sent "open door" notes to the major world powers asking each to open their phores of influence in China to merchants of the other nations
• The notes also asked each nation to grant reasonable harbor fees and railroad rates
• The Open door notes asked each power to repect China's sovereignty by enforcing Chinese tariff duties
• The response was underwhelming; sort of an "I will if you will"

A second round of Open door notes was sent after U.S. led the way in crushing China's Boxer Rebellion which had tried to aid China of foreigners and foreign influence.

• the 2nd round asked each power to repect China's political independence and territorial integrity in addition to guarenteeing unrestricted access to its markets
• Britian, France, and Germany endorsd this policy outright.

Feb. 3 Notes: U.S and Spain

Professor Frederick Jackson Turner's Fronteir Thesis

• In the 1890s, the U.S. Census announced that the frontier was closed.
• Professor Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was essential to the growth of American economy, and the cultivation of democracy.
• By "Closed", we meant that there was no place a person could pick up, leave, and settle down in.
  
• Turner that frontier expansion was what made the U.S. unique and good.
  The U.S. looks Abroad
• several factors that caused Americans to look overseas were:

1. Rapid industrial growth
2. technology advancements; transoceanic cables, and steamship travel
3. England, Germany, Russia, Japan, and others were also looking outside their lands, and into others.

• Some people said we needed to jump into the competition, such as Protestant missionaries, businessmen, and imperialists.
  

Protestant Missionaries

• stated it was Christans duties to teach gospel to the Asian masses
• Businessmen wanted to sell to foreign markets
• and Industrialists wanted the US to become a world power, and saw economic expansion as a way to do this; they believed in a strong Navy, a canal that connected through the Caribbean for access to western US, control of the Caribbean, and expansion into Asia.
• Many took the Social Darwin approach.
  

Admiral Alfred Thaye Mahan was particularly influential on imperialistic ideas.

• wrote The Influence of Seapower on History
• Argued that all major power relied on an ability to control seas
• called for a larger Navy, a canal across Central America, and naval bases for coal and water throughout the Caribbean.
• American Politicians Caught the Bus
• From 1880s on there was support for the larger navy.
• In 1878, the US secured rights to Pago Pago in Samoa
• In 1885 the US leased rights to visit Pearl Harbor
• 1889, the U.S. est. protectorate over part of Samoa to keep Germany and English out.
• In 1891, American sugar plantation owners in Hawaii deposed of the King, and put Queen Liliuokalani into power.
• In 1893, Hawaii was declared a U.S. protectorate after Planers overthrew Queen with help of US sailors and Marines.
• Jingoism catches on. Jingoists were nationalists who thought a swaggering foreign policy and willingness to go to war would enhance American's Reputation

The Spanish-American War ( April 24- August 12 1898)

• In 1895, Cubans revolted against Spain and destroyed much of the island.
• Spanish response: forced Cubans into concentration camps
• The American Press inflames the US public's opinion against the Spanish by military leader in Cuban calling him "Butcher" Weyler.
• William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World kept the US aware.
• Both papers tried to outsell one another, leading to what is known as "Yellow Journalism"
• When riots broke out in Havana in late 1897, President McKinley ordered a US battleship, USS Maine, to station in Havana to protect US property.
• On Feb. 15, 1898, the Maine explodes in the harbor killing 260 sailers
• Americans were convinced that it was the Spanish
• MUCH LATER, however, investigators proved that it was probably caused by a boiler malfunction aboard the ship
• The "Yellow Press" prints screamed " Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!"
• So, McKinley issues an order of terms to the Spainish:

1. Recognized Cuban independence
2. Called for the withdrawal of all Spanish military personnel from Cuba
3. Gave the President the power to use the American armed forces to ensure that these conditions were met, and
   
4. Asserted that the Cuban government belonged to its own people. Denied any intention of American expansion into Cuba.

• Spain agreed with all but the "Recognize Cuban Independence".
• On April 11, 1898, President McKinely askes Congress for the Declaration of War, which they approve on the 14 of April.
• On April 24, Spain also declares war.
• The war was known as "Splendid Little War", because it lasted until August.
• Fewer than 500 were killed or wounded
• Naval Supremacy is what lead to our victory
• A US Navy fleet under Commodore George Dewey routed a Spanish fleet in the Philippines. They massacred the Spanish fleet.
• On Land, however, the US was less prepared.
• poorly equipped, poorly trained, and poorly fed.
• Americans didn't work well with Cubans who, to American's surprise, were predominately black.
• Even so, Theodore Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders" earned their reputation
• The key role, actually, was a Negro Cavalry in clearing the way for Roosevelt's forces, but the Yellow Press does not mention this
• On July 3, the Spanish fleet tried to run from Cuba and the US annihilated them.
• Spain's army in Cuba surrendered on July 16, and on July 18, they asked for peace.
• Before armistice, we obtained Puerto Rico in the Caribbean, and Guam and Marila in the Phillipines.
• Gave up claims in Cuba
• Treaty of Paris formally ended the war on Decembr 10, 1898
• Spain reluctantly agreed to do so for $20 M dollars
  

Feb 2nd

National Reform

• after 1896 3 progressive presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson
• Roosevelt was president in 1900 after McKinley assassinated

Regulating Trusts

• Roosevelt set out to break bad trusts, monopolies and believed some were good and were only bad if they were abused
• North securities company railroad monopoly. Use Sherman Anti-trust Act. Supreme court upheld the decision and North securities was dissolved.
• saw government regulation of trust to ensure us wealth and increased standards of living
• "New Nationalism"

Toward A square deal

• coalminers strike 1902 miners wanted a raise and 8 hour days, owners didn't want to to negotiate, Roosevelt supported miner and threatened with federal troops
• owners long used government protection against strikes agreed 10% raise and 9 hour day
• Roosevelt promised square deal ran election 1904, called for gov't control of corporations, consumer protection and conservation of natural resources

Expanding Gov't power over economy

• Roosevelt got congress to pass Hepburn Act 1906 give more power, increase interstate commerce commissions powers to review railroad rates and enforce and its enforcement powers.
• supports passage of pure food and drug act 1906 when investigators confirmed the happenings in "The Jungle" backed meat inspection act of 1906

Expanding Gov't Power over the environment

• 5 National parks. 16 monuments and 53 wildlife reserve
• Roosevelt public land commission to survey public land and set up a permit system to regulate them
• he over saw movement of responsibility of national forests from the department of Interior of the department of agriculture and the creation to the national forest service
• Roosevelt's old guard didnt support his progressive ideas on conservation and struck back with legislation curtaining the president power to create new gov't land reserves, Roosevelt seized 12 million acres for national forest reserves, before law took effect

Progressive Movement

• Expanded reform programs to include income and inheritance taxes and national workman compensation law, stop child labor, and 8 hour work day creating a gap between old guard and republicans

Taft President

• he was Roosevelt hand picked successor and won election 1908

Taft Battles

• he alienated progressives when he appeared to side with the old guard on tariff and power of speaker of the house cannon
• progressives favored tariff reduction, tariff raised expectations for tariff reduction and then didnt push congress to get it done, the Payne Aldrich Tariff did nothing to support it

Ballinger-Pinchet controversy

• sector of interior Ballinger angered progressives by reopening for private commercial use one million acres of land previously brought under federal protection
• Roosevelt's friend, national service head, Pinchot obtained info implicating Ballinger in the sale of oil deposits, Pinchot leaked the story

Roosevelt return

• he came back from a safari after Ballinger Pinchet and met Pinchet
• went on speaking tours, strong federal gov't, stable economy, protect the weak and get social harmony
• 1910 off year election, republican and reform minded democrats defeated old guard
• Roosevelt announce candidacy, Taft didnt step aside
• Roosevelt won nomination of Progressive Party
• Platform Called for
• sweeping regulated corporation
• graduated income tax
• protection for workers
• woman suffrage
• called Bull Moose Party

The Bull Moose campaign of 1912

• the republicans are split between Roosevelt and Taft
• Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson
• Socialist is Debs

Outcome

• Taft and Deb little change
• Roosevelt new Nationalism strong federal gov't to regulate and social welfare
• Wilson "New Freedom" gov't power to dismantle trusts, avoid social welfare- he won the election
• he got congress to pass Underwood- Simmons Tariff of 1913 reducing tariff about 40-50%
• got income tax bill passed the used the 16th amendment, progressive tax, wealthy pay a greater tax

Federal reserve Act

• congress passed the federal reserve act of 1913 giving the national government authority to regulate credit and currency and flow
• est. 12 regional banks, every private Bank deposit about 6% of its assets in its federal reserve bank. the reserve would be used to make loans to member banks and to issue paper money called federal reserve notes
• the federal reserve system strengthened the country's financial structure and was an important success

From New Freedom to New Nationalism

• Wilson didn't mount anti trust campaign
• support federal trade commission act set us FTC to regulate business practices
• support weakened clayton anti trust act rather than seek authority to vigorously prosecute the trust
• didnt aid organizations groups of workers and farmers
• didnt support the campaign for African American political equality
• pushed and got workmens compensation laws and 8 hour day
• drifted towards Roosevelt New nationalism in its social welfare aspects

First Period Notes- 2/2/09

-National Progressive Reform

• After 1896, leadership came from the White House in the form of progressive presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson
• Roosevelt was elected vice president in 1900, and became president when McKinley was assassinated

-Regulating the Trusts

• Roosevelt set out to break what he considered to be bad trusts
• Roosevelt's Justice Department prosecuted the Northern Securities Company, a Railroad Monopolu; They used the Sherman Anit-Trust Act. The Supreme Court upheld the decision and Northern securities were dissolved
• Roosevelt DID NOT OPPOSE ALL MONOPOLIES. He saw regulation of the trusts to ensure US wealth, production, and a rising standard of living
• Roosevelt called this "New Nationalism"

-Toward a "Square Deal"

• Roosevelt showed where he was coming from in the Coal Miners Strike of 1902. Miners wanted a pay raise and an 8 hour work day--> owners refused to negotiate
• Roosevelt stunned the Mine owners when he supported the miners and threatened to run the mines with federal troops to help the miners
• Owners that long used the government protection against strikes finally agreed to a 10% raise an a 9 hour work day
• Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine with him at the White House
• Roosevelt promised every American a "square deal" when he ran for election in 1904. He called for government control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of national resources (first time a president has ever took action to conserve environment)

-Expanding Government Power over the Economy

• Roosevelt wins 1904 electoin and gets congress to pass the Hephum Act in 1906. This Act increased the Interstate Commerce Commissions power to review railroad rates and its enforcement powers
• Roosevelt supported the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and when his investigators confirmed the findings of Upton Sinclairs (The Jungle) he backed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

-Expanding Government Power over the Environment

• Roosevelt oversaw the creation of 5 national parks, 16 national monuments, and 53 wildlife reserves
• Roosevelt appointed a Public Lands Commission to survery public lands and set up a permit system to regulate their use
• Roosevelt oversaw the movement of responsibilty of National Forests from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agricultur and the creation of the National Forest Reserve
• Roosevelts old guard did not support Roosevelts progressive ideas on conservation and struck back with legislation curtaining the presidents power to create new government lands reserves. Roosevelt responded by seizing another 17 million acres for national forest reserves before the law took effect

-Progressive Movement--> A Move for the People

• Before he left office in 1909, Roosevelt expanded his reform to include income and inheritance taxes, a national workmens compensation law, abolition of child labor, and an 8 hour work day. These reforms widened the gap between Roosevelt and the Republican Old Guard

-The Taft Presidency

• As Roosevelts hand picked successor, Taft easily won in the 1908 election

-Tafts Battle with Congress

• Taft alienated progressives when he appeared to side with the Old Guard on the tariff and powers of the Speaker of the House Cannon
• Progressives favored tariff reduction; Taft raised expections reduction and didn't push congress to get it done

-Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

• Secretary of the interior Ballinger aroused progressives by reopening for private commercial use of 1 million acres of land that was previously bought under federal protection
• Roosevelts friend, the National Forest Service head, Pinchot, obtained information impicating Ballinger in the sale of Alaskan oil deposits to JP Morgan and David Guggenheim. Pinchot showed the information to Taft who defended Ballinger. Pinchot leaked it to the press and was fired by Taft

-Roosevelt Returns

• When Roosevelt hears about the Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, he returns from an African safari/hunting trip and met with Pinchot
• After his quick return to politics, Roosevelt went on a speaking tour touting his "New Nationalism" which called for a strong federal government to stabilize the economy, protect the weak, and restore social harmony
• 1910 (off year election) Progressive Republicans and reform minded Democrats defeated the Old Guard/ Conservative Republicans
• Roosevelt announced his candidacy for president in 1912. Taft refused to step aside. Republican Old Guard gave parties nomination to Taft
• Roosevelt left the Republican Party and won the nomination of the New Progressive Party
• Progressive Party Platform called for: sweeping regulation of corps, extensive protections for workers (minimum wage, no child labor, workmens compensation), a sharply graduated income tax, and womens suffrage
• The Progressive Party also called themselves the "Bull Mooses"

-The Bull Moose Campaign of 1912

• Republican vote was going to split between Roosevelt and Taft
• So Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson who was reform minded
• Socialist Party nominate Eugene Debs on the reform platform

-Election of 1912 Outcome

• Taft and Debs had little change
• Roosevelt and Wilson differed in the approach. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" call for a strong federal government to regulate and, if necessary, curb the trusts. Roosevelt also campaigned for social welfare, minimum wage laws, and social insurance
• Wilson's "New Freedom" didn't like any monopolies and called for using government power to dismantle the trusts. He wanted an unregulated and unmonopolized market. Democrats avoided social welfare
• Wilson wins the 1912 election

-Tariff Reform and a Progressive Income Tax

• Wilson steamrolled protections with a direct appeal to the American people and got congress to pass the Underwood Simmons Tariff of 1913 reducing the tariff from approximately 40-25%
• Wilson got an income tax bill passed the used the 16th Amendment. It was a progressive tax requiring wealthy Americans to pay a greater percent of income than the poor

-Federal Reserve Act

• Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 giving the national government authority to regulate credit and currency flow
• The Act established 12 regional banks. Every private bank in the country was required to deposit about 6% of its assets in its federal reserves bank. The Reserve would be used to make loans to member banks and to issue paper money called federal reserve notes (money we use today)
• The federal reserve system strengthened the country's financial structure and was an important success

-From New Freedom to New Nationalism

• Wilson did not mount a vigorous Anti-trust Campaign
• Wilson supported the Federal Trade Commission Act which set up the FTC to regulate business practices
• Wilson supported a weakened Clayton Anti-Trust Act rather than seeking authority to vigorously prosecute the trusts
• Wilson refused to aid organized groups of workers and farmers
• Wilson did not support the campaign for African American political equality
• Wilson pushed for an got a workmens compensation law and an 8 hour workday for workers

-In many ways Wilson drifted toward Roosevelt's New Nationalism in its social welfare aspects