Feb 2nd
National Reform
- after 1896 3 progressive presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson
- Roosevelt was president in 1900 after McKinley assassinated
Regulating Trusts
- Roosevelt set out to break bad trusts, monopolies and believed some were good and were only bad if they were abused
- North securities company railroad monopoly. Use Sherman Anti-trust Act. Supreme court upheld the decision and North securities was dissolved.
- saw government regulation of trust to ensure us wealth and increased standards of living
- "New Nationalism"
Toward A square deal
- coalminers strike 1902 miners wanted a raise and 8 hour days, owners didn't want to to negotiate, Roosevelt supported miner and threatened with federal troops
- owners long used government protection against strikes agreed 10% raise and 9 hour day
- Roosevelt promised square deal ran election 1904, called for gov't control of corporations, consumer protection and conservation of natural resources
Expanding Gov't power over economy
- Roosevelt got congress to pass Hepburn Act 1906 give more power, increase interstate commerce commissions powers to review railroad rates and enforce and its enforcement powers.
- supports passage of pure food and drug act 1906 when investigators confirmed the happenings in "The Jungle" backed meat inspection act of 1906
Expanding Gov't Power over the environment
- 5 National parks. 16 monuments and 53 wildlife reserve
- Roosevelt public land commission to survey public land and set up a permit system to regulate them
- he over saw movement of responsibility of national forests from the department of Interior of the department of agriculture and the creation to the national forest service
- Roosevelt's old guard didnt support his progressive ideas on conservation and struck back with legislation curtaining the president power to create new gov't land reserves, Roosevelt seized 12 million acres for national forest reserves, before law took effect
Progressive Movement
- Expanded reform programs to include income and inheritance taxes and national workman compensation law, stop child labor, and 8 hour work day creating a gap between old guard and republicans
Taft President
- he was Roosevelt hand picked successor and won election 1908
Taft Battles
- he alienated progressives when he appeared to side with the old guard on tariff and power of speaker of the house cannon
- progressives favored tariff reduction, tariff raised expectations for tariff reduction and then didnt push congress to get it done, the Payne Aldrich Tariff did nothing to support it
Ballinger-Pinchet controversy
- sector of interior Ballinger angered progressives by reopening for private commercial use one million acres of land previously brought under federal protection
- Roosevelt's friend, national service head, Pinchot obtained info implicating Ballinger in the sale of oil deposits, Pinchot leaked the story
Roosevelt return
- he came back from a safari after Ballinger Pinchet and met Pinchet
- went on speaking tours, strong federal gov't, stable economy, protect the weak and get social harmony
- 1910 off year election, republican and reform minded democrats defeated old guard
- Roosevelt announce candidacy, Taft didnt step aside
- Roosevelt won nomination of Progressive Party
- Platform Called for
- sweeping regulated corporation
- graduated income tax
- protection for workers
- woman suffrage
- called Bull Moose Party
The Bull Moose campaign of 1912
- the republicans are split between Roosevelt and Taft
- Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson
- Socialist is Debs
Outcome
- Taft and Deb little change
- Roosevelt new Nationalism strong federal gov't to regulate and social welfare
- Wilson "New Freedom" gov't power to dismantle trusts, avoid social welfare- he won the election
- he got congress to pass Underwood- Simmons Tariff of 1913 reducing tariff about 40-50%
- got income tax bill passed the used the 16th amendment, progressive tax, wealthy pay a greater tax
Federal reserve Act
- congress passed the federal reserve act of 1913 giving the national government authority to regulate credit and currency and flow
- est. 12 regional banks, every private Bank deposit about 6% of its assets in its federal reserve bank. the reserve would be used to make loans to member banks and to issue paper money called federal reserve notes
- the federal reserve system strengthened the country's financial structure and was an important success
From New Freedom to New Nationalism
- Wilson didn't mount anti trust campaign
- support federal trade commission act set us FTC to regulate business practices
- support weakened clayton anti trust act rather than seek authority to vigorously prosecute the trust
- didnt aid organizations groups of workers and farmers
- didnt support the campaign for African American political equality
- pushed and got workmens compensation laws and 8 hour day
- drifted towards Roosevelt New nationalism in its social welfare aspects
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