5th Period Notes, February 9th
Assuring A Just Peace:
-President Wilson broke with precedent and decided to head the American Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference himself
-Wilson's 14 points were his plan for the post-war world
-the 1st group of points called for all nations to abide by a code of conduct that embraced free trade, freedom of the seas, open diplomacy, disarmament and the resolution of disputes through mediation.
-A 2nd group of points, passed on the principle of self-determination, proposed redrawing the map of Europe to give the subjugated peoples of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires naitonal sovereignty
-The last point called for establishing a League of Nations, an assemly in which all nations wouldbe represented and in which all international disputes would be given a fair hearing and an opportunity for peaceful solutions
Wilson had a tough time in Paris:
-Loyd George of Britain and Clemenceau of France refused to include most of Wilson's 14 points in the peace treaty
-The points having to do with freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, and disarmament weren't included
-Wilson had a partial victory on issues of self-determination
-Belgium regained its sovereignty, Poland was recognized as a nation, new nations of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were created
-Armenia, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Syria were made trusteeships of the League of Nations with the understanding that they would gain their independence.
-But, former German colonies in Asia were given to Japan, Italy annexed part of Austria, and France took the Saar from Germany
-Wilson was unable to prevent additional harsh treatment of Germany.
-Parts of Germany went to Denmark, Poland, and Czechoslovakia
-Germany's Navy and Air Force were disarmed
-Germany had to accept blame for the war-a "War Guilt" clause-and pay reparations, cash compensation to the victors
-The treaty was signed in June 1917 and in 1921 Germany was notified that they owed $33 billion-way beyond their resources
-While the harsh treatment of Germany and the single-minded pursuit of narrow self-interest disillusioned many liberals and socialists, Wilson seemed unfazed since he got his League of Nations
-To get his League Wilson had to convince the US Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
-The Republicans had a small majority in the Senate
-Many of the Republicans were angry that Wilson didn't take any leading Republicans to Paris with him
-One of those was Henry Cabot Lodge who set out to block ratification of the treay
-There was one group of Republicans known as "Irreconcilables" who were totally opposed to the treaty
-A 2nd, larger group of Republicans were unhappy with the treaty as written and agreed to by Wilson
-The main sticking point for them was Article X of the League of Nations charter. Article X was an "attack on one i s an attack on all" clause that gave the League the power to take military action
-A Senate concern was whether or not Article X was a violation of the US Constitution which gave the Congress the power to declare war-not some international organization
Lodge added nearly 50 Amendments, or Reservations, to the treaty when it came to his foreign relations committee
-Some were valid; many weren't
-Nevertheless, the chances for ratification were good
-Many Republicans wanted a peace treaty and were prepared to vote for it if Wilson would accept some of the Reservations
Wilson stubbornly refused to compromise and announced that he would take his case to the American people. He started a cross-country tour and then suffered a stroke which left him very weak
The treaty was put to a Senate vote with the Reservations attached. Wilson ordered the Deomcrats to vote against
-42 Democrats and 13 Irreconcilables defeated t he treaty
Public opinion was in favor of "A" treaty. Wilson wouldn't compromise. The treaty came to a vote a third time o nce again with the Lodge Reservations
-23 Democrats stayed with Wilson and the treaty was not ratified by the US
Other countries ratified the Treaty of Versailles and it went into effect. The US didn't join the League of Nations and it became a failure. A solid case can be made that the US failure to ratify contributed to the breakdown in world order we know as WWII
-President Wilson broke with precedent and decided to head the American Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference himself
-Wilson's 14 points were his plan for the post-war world
-the 1st group of points called for all nations to abide by a code of conduct that embraced free trade, freedom of the seas, open diplomacy, disarmament and the resolution of disputes through mediation.
-A 2nd group of points, passed on the principle of self-determination, proposed redrawing the map of Europe to give the subjugated peoples of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires naitonal sovereignty
-The last point called for establishing a League of Nations, an assemly in which all nations wouldbe represented and in which all international disputes would be given a fair hearing and an opportunity for peaceful solutions
Wilson had a tough time in Paris:
-Loyd George of Britain and Clemenceau of France refused to include most of Wilson's 14 points in the peace treaty
-The points having to do with freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, and disarmament weren't included
-Wilson had a partial victory on issues of self-determination
-Belgium regained its sovereignty, Poland was recognized as a nation, new nations of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were created
-Armenia, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Syria were made trusteeships of the League of Nations with the understanding that they would gain their independence.
-But, former German colonies in Asia were given to Japan, Italy annexed part of Austria, and France took the Saar from Germany
-Wilson was unable to prevent additional harsh treatment of Germany.
-Parts of Germany went to Denmark, Poland, and Czechoslovakia
-Germany's Navy and Air Force were disarmed
-Germany had to accept blame for the war-a "War Guilt" clause-and pay reparations, cash compensation to the victors
-The treaty was signed in June 1917 and in 1921 Germany was notified that they owed $33 billion-way beyond their resources
-While the harsh treatment of Germany and the single-minded pursuit of narrow self-interest disillusioned many liberals and socialists, Wilson seemed unfazed since he got his League of Nations
-To get his League Wilson had to convince the US Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
-The Republicans had a small majority in the Senate
-Many of the Republicans were angry that Wilson didn't take any leading Republicans to Paris with him
-One of those was Henry Cabot Lodge who set out to block ratification of the treay
-There was one group of Republicans known as "Irreconcilables" who were totally opposed to the treaty
-A 2nd, larger group of Republicans were unhappy with the treaty as written and agreed to by Wilson
-The main sticking point for them was Article X of the League of Nations charter. Article X was an "attack on one i s an attack on all" clause that gave the League the power to take military action
-A Senate concern was whether or not Article X was a violation of the US Constitution which gave the Congress the power to declare war-not some international organization
Lodge added nearly 50 Amendments, or Reservations, to the treaty when it came to his foreign relations committee
-Some were valid; many weren't
-Nevertheless, the chances for ratification were good
-Many Republicans wanted a peace treaty and were prepared to vote for it if Wilson would accept some of the Reservations
Wilson stubbornly refused to compromise and announced that he would take his case to the American people. He started a cross-country tour and then suffered a stroke which left him very weak
The treaty was put to a Senate vote with the Reservations attached. Wilson ordered the Deomcrats to vote against
-42 Democrats and 13 Irreconcilables defeated t he treaty
Public opinion was in favor of "A" treaty. Wilson wouldn't compromise. The treaty came to a vote a third time o nce again with the Lodge Reservations
-23 Democrats stayed with Wilson and the treaty was not ratified by the US
Other countries ratified the Treaty of Versailles and it went into effect. The US didn't join the League of Nations and it became a failure. A solid case can be made that the US failure to ratify contributed to the breakdown in world order we know as WWII
posted by Blair | 7:50 PM
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